Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part I. 4th edition

△ Α Ω α ω Α Ω α ω Α Ω α ω Α Ω α ω Α Ω α ω Α Ω α ω ▲
 
VALERIY REVO

PROLEGOMENA TO FUTURE METAMEDICINE
Part I
PARADIGM, DEFINITION, SUBJECT AREA, METHOD, TOOL, LANGUAGES, CONCEPTUAL APPARATUS
4th edition, revised and supplemented
 
Electronic publication
Toronto - 2020
 
 

 
Explication to fig. on the cover and frontispiece
 
This is the first systemic model of human. The elements of the model represent all levels of its systemic organization, which, in turn, reflect its entire phylogenetic history. The author developed this model in the period 1986-2016. For details, see fig. 3. Systemic Model of Human* in my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
 
 
 
PROLEGOMENA TO FUTURE METAMEDICINE
Part I
PARADIGM, DEFINITION, SUBJECT AREA, METHOD, TOOL,
LANGUAGES, CONCEPTUAL APPARATUS
4th edition, revised and supplemented
 Author and publisher: Professor Valeriy Revo, MD, PhD
2020. – 118 p.
The archaic paradigm of medicine was stuck at the turn of the 16th cent. The disease is perceived as evil, which must be removed from the body. At the same time, medicine humbly accepted the definition of Chronic Disease. But any disease is a manifestation of the products of phylogenesis in the form of innate programs that cannot be deleted. However, already today the resources of the future metamedicine offer system-adequate technologies for managing them at any stage of the development of the pathological process. For the first time they are able to deprive chronic diseases of their main quality – incurability. This book is addressed, first of all, to students of both medical and biological profile, doctors, biologists and healthcare organizers.
*
All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior permission in writing of author, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to Valeriy Revo. You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to the following address: [email protected]
 
Electronic publication
ISBN 978-1-9991530-3-8
© Valeriy Revo, 2020
 
 
Toronto – 2020



CONTENTS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Introduction                                                   p. 5
 
Vocabulary Articles                                              8
        
List Accepted Abbreviations and Symbols                       95
 
Alphabetic List of Vocabulary Articles                          96
 
Bibliography                                                   104
 
The Persons Mentioned in the First Part of the Book
Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine                          112
 
Acknowledgement                                             118
 
Footnotes                                                      118
 
About the Author                                              118
 
 
 
INTRODUCTION 
The need to write this book is due to many circumstances. But first of all, I would like to draw the attention of specialists to the archaic content of the paradigm of medicine, frozen since the 16th cent. against the background of the accelerated development of natural sciences and technology over the past centuries. This situation is reflected in the two most important resources of society, to which we relate information and time. Time is increasingly compressed, and information, by contrast, shows an inflationary trend. As a result, we get polysemy and domination of meaning. Descartes drew attention to this circumstance. He wrote: “… almost all our words have confused meanings, and men’s minds have been accustomed to them for so long that there’s hardly anything they can perfectly understand” [10]. Nietzsche also wrote about this interpretation of the concepts of health and disease [24]. In the artistic field, the meanings of words are determined by context. For science, the meaning of words determines their content, i.e., truth that does not depend on context. Linnaeus expressed this as follows: “Nomina si nescis, perit cognitio rerum” (Lat.) “If you do not know the name, the perception of the thing dies” [23]. A technological tool for determining the content is specialized reference editions. According to Leibniz [22], they represent a catalog of verities and define new areas of knowledge that have not yet been explored. Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine are built on this principle. Today, technological progress allows doctors to fix the slightest anatomical and functional manifestations of various diseases. However, this is not enough to understand the content of these phenomena. The iatrogenic pandemic that has developed over the past decades is strong evidence of this. Medicine today works in the two-dimensional space of phenomenological models, which reduces the number of degrees of freedom of the doctor’s intellectual resources. Medicine has not yet become a science, because it does not have a fundamental base, although it actively uses the term “fundamental”. Doctors were able to manage only symptoms, but not diseases. But the symptoms – are only Platonic shadows of developing processes. The causes of chronic diseases and the programs along which they develop remain for doctors a mystery. Medicine is becoming more expensive not only for every person, but also for society. The archaic paradigm of medicine has spawned dozens of different medical and so-called wellness practices, which are only speculative semantic constructions. Many years of experience as a doctor and researcher allowed me to substantiate a new paradigm of medicine and based on it to propose a concept of the programmatic nature of diseases that we can manage. This is reflected in articles and books that were published between 1986-2018. The content of these works is presented in a systematic form in two parts of the book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine of previous editions. In the fourth edition, I included new materials, as well as clarified and corrected some terms and definitions from the position of the systemic semiotics. The book is made in the format of a dictionary, built according to the alphabetical scheme on a system basis in accordance with the classical system analysis algorithm. In cases where the main elements of the terms are Greek words, I represent them in Greek and in phonetic transcription in Latin. Clausius, the author of the term entropy, suggested (1865) choosing names for important quantities from ancient languages, since they can be adopted unchanged in all modern languages [8]. This construction of the material is very rare, although it allows you to understand the origin and content of the proposed term, concept, etc. Both parts of the publication contain more than 370 terms, definitions, concepts and categories. About 90 of them were suggested by the author and more than 230 he gave in his interpretation. This was necessary because even the definition of metamedicine today is presented as an eclectic collection of speculative methods and approaches. In the first part of the book, the author presented the subject area, method, definitions, tools, language and conceptual apparatus, which help to understand the content of the natural program processes – diseases. The second part of the book consists of two sections. The first section presents 40 postulates of Future Metamedicine that offer technological principles for predicting, treating, and preventing diseases of various phylogenetic origin. The second section presents 10 axioms of intersystem communication, as well as a thesaurus of principles and methods of a systems approach in biology and medicine. It is the main intellectual tool for managing complex systems, to which we include all living things. The combination of the words “system approach”, “system technologies” has become customary in the humanitarian sphere. However, in most cases these are only declarations in which there are no traces of systemic and semantic content. Today, researchers confuse systematic and systemic, content and meaning in accordance with their level of education, intellect and personal preferences. Therefore, the evaluation criteria in this area are subjective. This is one of the main reasons for the extremely low efficiency of management technologies for the main resources of living systems, including humans. The semantic uncertainty of many generally accepted terms and concepts leads to their incorrect interpretation. This is one of the main reasons for the extremely low efficiency of technologies for managing the basic resources of living systems, including humans. The use of materials from the book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine dramatically increases the level of one’s own knowledge and allows one to determine the most promising areas of future theoretical and practical metamedicine. Since knowledge is an immanent attribute of a subject, it by definition cannot be transferred to another person. Only information can be transmitted. This process is facilitated by a high degree of systematization of it and a sufficient level of training of the recipient. The book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine in the proposed format is a ready-made semi-finished product of knowledge available both for transmission and perception. Some terms, concepts and definitions are presented in more detail in the book, which indicates the special conceptual and technological significance of them. Future metamedicine offers system technologies that for the first time provide disease management at the level of their programs at any stage of their development. For the first time, chronic disease should lose its main quality – incurability. The general scientific task of the monograph is to attract interdisciplinary specialists to work to eliminate the disruptive for science divergence between the humanitarian sphere and the fundamental sciences. I will be grateful for suggestions and comments on the substance of the materials presented in the book, as well as for possible assistance and participation in their implementation.
 
PROLEGOMENA TO FUTURE METAMEDICINE. PART II
             Ex ipsa fonte bibere.
                                                                  To drink from the source.
                                                                         Lat. aphorism                                  
                        VOCABULARY ARTICLES
 
Abiogenic (from Greek a- – prefix, giving a negative, + βίος – life, – is read as víos, + γενέζις – birth, origin, – is read as genezis) – is a term denoting the origin of an organic compound without the participation of living beings and their enzymes.
Abstract System♫ (from Lat. abstractio – abstraction, from abstrahō – pull away, from Greek σύστημα – whole, composed of parts, – is read as sýstima) – is the term denoting a system that provides a reflection of the relations in consciousness that determine the content of the material system. Abstract systems represent the laws of Nature, hypotheses, postulates, theorems, etc.
Abstraction♫ (from Lat. prefix ab-, giving value of separation, negation, + trahō – to pull, drag, move) – a concept denoting one of the main sequential elements of the system analysis of an object or phenomenon. It involves the mental separation of their basic properties and connections. There are several basic types of abstraction. Isolating abstraction provides system isolation of the part from the whole; generalized of abstraction ensures the creation of a generalized image of an object or phenomenon; idealization makes it possible to replace real images and conventional concepts that do not exist in nature with a mental scheme. For example, in thermodynamics Maxwell's demon miss out fast molecules into a vessel and releases slow ones. In medicine, idealization makes it possible to imagine the presence of a certain demon who chooses from a population of persons in which he launches programs of certain diseases and blocks programs of other diseases. Abstraction is the opposite of the concrete and precedes it in theoretical knowledge.
Adaptation♫ (from Lat. prefix ad- – gives the value of adding, attaching, + aptus – suitable, from apt – inclined, relevant) – is the definition of the form of the relations between the environment and living being, representing the anticipatory ability of the organism to meet the dynamic requirements of the external and internal environments. This is a gradual process with transitional forms within individual organisms and populations. It does not imply a transition of the organism to a new level of systemic organization (LSO). Only anatomical and functional changes in organs and body parts are possible in response to existing or expected changes in the environmental conditions. These acquisitions may be reversible. They are not inherited.
Additive Learning♫ (from Lat. additivus – added, attached + ... learning) – is the definition of the form of education in which the student receives a certain amount of systematized information that meets educational standards, but does not ensure the formation of systemically related holistic knowledge. Today, doctor’s training is organized according to this principle. This leads to dramatic consequences, including a developing iatrogenic pandemic.
Aging♫ – is the definition of a gradual natural process of irreversible changes in the structural and functional characteristics of material objects of both inert and living Nature during their life cycle (Revo V., 2019). A person may develop accelerated aging in the form of childhood progeria and Werner disease. According to the generally accepted definition [4], aging – is “… A natural destructive process of age-related changes in the body, leading to a decrease in its adaptive capacity, an increase in the probability of death. The aging process develops heterochronously and heterotopically”. This definition has no content, because it reflects only the ontological interpretation of the aging process, but does not represent an epistemological one. The number of current chronic diseases increases as a person age. However, this does not compensate for the increase in entropy due to the accumulation of errors in the functioning of the systemic mechanisms of the body. In the wild, safe aging depends on the position of the living being in the trophic chain. This is an irrevocable phase process of the second kind, occurring in any system of both inert and living Nature at the stage of its being as a systemic whole. Any promise to slow or halt the aging process is a hoax. Moreover, “anti-aging techniques” can stimulate the development of various diseases, including “forever young” cancer. Many of them are not even differentiated. Only cosmetics can provide a temporary illusion of rejuvenation. True, methods of only non-invasive, decorative cosmetics are practically safe. But even they can have their limitations.
Agony♫ (from Ancient Greek άγωνία – struggle, melancholy, torment, angst, – is read as ágonía) – is the definition of the initial stage of dying, after which the basic systemic mechanisms of the living cease to function irrevocably. Signs of agony: snoring and irregular breathing, convulsions, head leans back when inhaling, unconditioned reflexes (corneal, tendinous, skin) disappear, pupils dilate, facial expression changes (Hippocrates mask), it takes on an earthy gray tint, body temperature and blood pressure usually rise first, then decrease. Paralysis of sphincters cause urinary and fecal incontinence. This condition can the last up to several hours. See Death.
Anamnesis (from Greek ἀνάμνησις – recollection, – is read as anamnēsis) – is a term meaning information about the patient and his disease, which the doctor receives during the initial diagnosis, when he asks questions to the patient and / or to those who know him.
Antibody-dependent Enhancement of Infection (from Greek ἀντι- – prefix, denotes the opposite, directivity against anything, – is read as anti, + ... body, + … dependent, + … enhancement, and from Lat. infectum – to infect) – is a concept representing a phenomenon that “... can be a consequence of antigenic imprinting, if during the development of re-infection in humans, antibodies with low levels of antibodies are formed, cross-reacting with dominant antigenic epitopes ...”. This phenomenon “increases the incidence of an infectious disease caused by a closely related microorganism (or microorganism of the same serocomplex) if cross-reactive antibodies are present in the blood of the patient” (highlighted Supotnitsky M. V.) [42] and promotes the development of autoimmune processes, e.g., in the form of type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Antigen♫ (from Greek ἀντι- – prefix, denotes the opposite, directed against something, – is read as anti, + γένος – genus, origin, – is read as gènos) – is a term denoting any alien substance for the body, which can cause immunological reactions. M. V. Supotnytsky (2016) suggests a different etymology of the term (from antibody-generator – producer of antibodies). Substances of organic nature, getting into the body, in accordance with its immunological reactivity cause the formation of antibodies to this antigen, which is a manifestation of humoral immunity, (“The theory of side chains”, 1897) by Ehrlich. Mechnikov discovered a manifestation of cellular immunity (1882-1901). In this case, the destruction of foreign cells that have antigen properties by lymphocytes occurs. An antigen that is capable of inducing an immune response of the body is called an immunogen.
Antigenic Imprinting (from Greek ἀντι- – prefix, denotes the opposite, directivity against something, – is read as anti, + γένος – genus, origin, – is read as gènos, + ... imprinting), syn. Anamnestic response, Immunological imprinting, Original antigenic sin (OAS) – (Francis T., 1955) – is the definition of the ability of the immune system to respond to antigens similar to those with which it had once dealt. Answers can be both humoral and cellular. Thus, the presence of cross-reactive antibodies in a patient can influence the course of a newly emerging infectious process, accelerating depletion of protective resources of the organism. The phenomenon was first described by Davenport et. al. (1953). The same mechanism can cause some somatic diseases, e.g., diabetes mellitus of type one (Supotnitsky M. V., 2016). The probability of the disease is reduced when the antigenic properties of the virus that caused the new wave of the pandemic coincide with the previous virus with which the organism had previously contacted. This is one of the consequences of antigenic imprinting. If the antigenic features of the new and earlier strain of the pathogenic microorganism do not coincide, the immune system responds primarily to the dominant epitope of the antigen of the previous strain, which the B-cells retain in their memory. This is dangerous in case of repeated infection, when the phenomenon of antibody-dependent increase in infection appears at an early stage of the disease. There is a direct relationship between the scale of manifestation of antigenic imprinting and the time of the first contact of the immune system with the causative agent. Using the example of the study of Dengue fever, it was shown (Midgley C. M. et al., 2011) the manifestation of the phenomenon (OAS) in secondary infections, both toward weakening and enhancement of the immune response. The use of vaccines against the four known viruses that cause this disease can support the immunological track of the first vaccination.
Antibribozymes. See Ribozymes.  
Apodictic♫ (from Greek αποδεικτική – evidentiary, – is read as apodeiktikí) – is a term denoting statement, which the irrefutable, certainly, reliable, and theoretically grounded. For example, influenza is a genosis, which is an infectious disease of viral etiology.
Attractor♫ (from Lat. attraho – attract) – is a term denoting something, which deterministic direction of search and choice of solution. Applied to the living thing, the number and form of such means are determined by the level of the systemic organization to which this organism belongs. For example, an attractor for a doctor in the decision-making process is his high ethical and morals qualities, broad and deep knowledge, professional experience, and intuition.
Avidity (from Lat. aviditas – greed, passion) – is a term denoting a measure of the force with which specific antibodies bind to an antigen. It is determined by the degree of their affinity for each other, which affects the quality of immune responses.
Axiomatic Method (from Greek ἀξίωμα – axiom, – is read as axíōma, + μέθοδος – way of research, theory, research, – is read as méthodos) – is the definition of the method of constructing a scientific theory in the form of a system of axioms, postulates and rules of inference (axiomatics) and logical deduction to receive statements (theorems) of the given theory, taken without proofs.
Bacilli-carrier♫ (bacillus – wand + ... carrier) – is a term denoting the presence in a macroorganism of pathogenic bacteria without any painful manifestations. However, the bacilli-carrier is a real threat to healthy people, which can get sick. The absence of a two-way information contact between a microorganism and a macroorganism can be due mainly to the blockade of the ingression mechanism (intermediary) between them. Changes in the environmental conditions for the microorganism include the mechanism of active information interaction between the micro- and macro-organism and the carrier of bacteria itself becomes ill. See Viy Phenomenon [19].
Basic♫ (from Greek βάσις – basis of something, – is read as basis) – is the definition of the main specific systemic quality of an object or phenomenon.
Bestiary of Transcendences* (2018) (from Lat. bestia – beast, + transcenders – stepping, going beyond) – is the definition of the hierarchical set of transcendental entities, which have will and unlimited creative potential in their area of competence. According to von Goethe (1811)[1], these are some demons (from other Greek δαίμων - spirit, divine power). Today we can distinguish at least five plots of thought experiments of researchers who represent a hierarchy of demons of different ranks. Laplace’s demon (de Laplace P.-S., 1814) has the highest rank, it knowing the parameters of each particle in the Universe at a given time, is able to accurately represent all its evolution in the past and the future. The demon of phylogenesis (Revo V., 2018) occupies the next level in the hierarchy. It was he who launched the mechanism of spontaneous reversible ultrahigh-frequency conformational dynamics of hydration⇄dehydration of a protein molecule. This happened, according to the generally accepted linear continuous time scale, 3.8-3.5 billion years of so-called. From that moment, it is an immanent feature of a protein in the systemic structure of any living organism on the planet. The same demon selects candidates from biota for systemic metamorphosis at a new stage of phylogenesis, in which they get a new basic systemic quality in addition to the existing ones. Darwin's demon is the third in the hierarchy. According to Asimov (Asimov I., 1963), it determines the optimal conditions for natural selection. The demon of the disease (Revo V., 2018) is as follows. He selects a specific victim in the population in which he activates the program of a certain disease. The bestiary list is completed the Maxwell's demon (Maxwell J. C., 1867), which in the conditions of a thought experiment provides directional selection between fast (hot) and slow (cold) molecules. The name was proposed by Thomson (Thomson W., 1st Baron Kelvin, 1874).
Biodynamics♫ (2003) (from Greek βίος – life, part of complex words that determines the attitude to the living, – is read as víos, + δυναμική – force, qualitative or quantitative peculiarity of the change of something, – is read as dynamikí) – is the definition of the meta-science that studies the phenomenology, structure, basic system mechanisms of multi-level hierarchical systems of life of all forms and levels of organization and management of them. The subject area of biodynamics is complex hierarchical systems. It uses the general scientific axiomatic and deductive method. The biodynamics uses instruments of both an interdisciplinary base of natural sciences and the humanities sphere, as well as system analysis. The language of biodynamics is the language of system engineering and the languages of the protedynamics, genodynamics, neurodynamics, encephalodynamics, sociodynamics. The conceptual apparatus of biodynamics represents the terminological thesaurus of material and abstract systems in the same range. The systems apparatus of biodynamics was first introduced (2003) by Revo [30]. Historically, the semantic content of biodynamics as an interdisciplinary definition, based on modern systemic notions, has been developed incorrectly [31].
Biohacking♫ (from Greek βίος – life, part of complex words that determines the attitude to the living one, – is read as bios, + … hacking of other computer information) – is the definition of the actions of an IT specialist in biology and medicine aimed at gaining access to other people's computer information for various purposes, e.g., data theft, changing the operating mode, etc. Revo showed for the first time (1986) [18, 19] that diseases have a programmatic content; therefore, they are available for effective management only at this level. He suggested (2004) to call specialists in the management of disease’s programs – “Doctor-hacker” or “Doctor-programmer”. Such a doctor “is able to ensure the blocking of the program of the existing disease and either to cancel it or to change ...” [31]. This for the first time provides the ability to manage disease, and not just suppress the symptoms. The number of practicing doctors will decrease hundreds of times, including surgeons. The complications will disappear and the iatrogenic pandemic will finally stop. The low interdisciplinary and systemic competence of modern doctors creates favorable conditions for the wide distribution of various types of medical institutions, the names of which included some new cool scientific term. In 1991, I proposed the term “Systemic Medicine” [25], but after a while I was forced to disavow it, because various structures began to work under this signboard, having no relation to system technologies. My term “Doctor-hacker” was also picked up a few years later, slightly modified, and today it is offered to a trusting consumer as a biohack, which in its content represents speculative recommendations on the so-called healthy lifestyle, valeology, etc. This is an eclectic set of physical activity techniques, recommendations on nutrition, breathing. All this does not have the necessary scientific basis for monitoring and managing the content of diseases that their programs represent.
Bioinformatics♫ (from Greek βίος – life, part of complex words, defining attitude to the living, – is read as víos, + … information) – is a term denoting the field of activity studying the structures and mechanisms of transmission, reception, storage, processing and use of information in living systems and models of living systems of different levels of organization with scientific and applied purposes. At the 1st International Conference on Systems Biology ICSB 2000 (Tokyo), bioinformatics was defined as the spherae an application of computer technology to work with information obtained in the process of biological research. At the same time, special attention is paid to the possibility of automating laboratory research, developing databases and algorithms for the rapid systematization, processing and dissemination of an exponentially growing amount of information. This approach ignores two fundamental ontogenetic principles. First, knowledge is information systematized in the mind of the subject in accordance with its level of systemic organization, but it is replaced by information that does not meet this requirement. Secondly, computers can provide rapid systematization only in accordance with systematic low-level criteria: alphabetically, according to the particular quantitative and qualitative parameters of the observed object or phenomenon, etc. However, they are not capable of this according to epistemological principles. So, bioinformatics is transformed into a section of instrumental and technological support mainly of the demands of genetics and, in part, of psychology. Such an approach ignores the systemic hierarchical structure of different levels of organization of the living beings. The immediate prospects of bioinformatics do not exclude also the dramatic possibility of creating a total biospheric information weapon, especially since its model line has already begun to develop [31, 57]. It is believed that for the first time the term bioinformatics was proposed by (1970) Hegeveg and her colleague Hesper for the study of ecosystems. The task was to study the processes mainly at the molecular level.
Biomechanism♫ (from Greek βίος – life, part of complex words, determining attitude towards the living, – is read as víos, + μηχανισμός – mechanism, – is read as michanismós) – is a term denoting the systemic relationship between the elements of a living system with each other and with the surrounding the environment in any process of life.
Bionomics♫ (from Greek βίος – life, part of complex words, defining relation to the living, – is read as víos, + νόμος – law, – is read as nómos) – is a term denoting the biology section that studies the content and hierarchy of the universal laws of organization basic information mechanisms of living at each of the levels of its systemic organization. Thus, the laws of encephalodynamics include the laws of neurodynamics as a first-order subsystem, which, in turn, include the laws of genetics as a first-order subsystem, which, in turn, include the laws of protedynamics as first-order subsystems. Moreover, for the laws of encephalodynamics, the laws of protedynamics will be in the status of subsystems of the third order, and for the laws of neurodynamics, the laws of protedynamics will be in the status of subsystems of the second order, etc. In turn, bionomics has the status of a subsystem of the first order of biology [33].
Biopathoallagy* (2019) (from Greek βίος – life, part of complex words that means belonging to the living, – is read as bios, + παθος – suffering, passion, – is read as pathos, + αλλαγή – change, – is read as allagí) – a term denoting a deviation from the population standard of a biopathotype towards the earlier development of one or more diseases in a given person. 
Biopathotype* (1998) (from Greek βίος – life, part of complex words, determining attitude towards the living, – is read as víos, + πάθος – suffering, passion, – is read as páthos, + τύπος – form, type, pattern, – is read as týpos) – is a concept that defines a stable group feature in a population, due to a congenital specific set of chronic disease programs. They differ in their phylogenetic origin, and therefore have a different systemic basis [26]. Biopathotype is a subject of study of pathobiology. For details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
Biopathotype Standard* (1999) [26] (from Greek βίος – life, part of the complex words that define the attitude towards the vivid, – is read as víos, + παθος – suffering, passion, – is read as pathos, + τύπος – type, imprint, shape, pattern, – is read as týpos, + … standard) – is a term for the integral criterion reflecting the nomenclature, number and sequence of chronic diseases in a population. The biological essence of this standard does not necessarily correspond to its clinical content. There may be two people with the same disease, the same age, sex, profession, etc., but they can have these diseases at different stages of development.
Body’s Negentropic Reserve* (2001) [29] (Body + … from Lat. negātīvus – negative, + from Greek έντροπία – turn, transformation, – is read as éntropia, + ... reserve) – is a term denoting the storage system of congenital programs of chronic diseases in the body, the development of each of them increases the diversity in the process of ontogenesis. This provides a negentropic effect.
Causative Agent♫. See Pathogen.
Causative Factor♫ – is a concept expressing the form of relations determining the change in the state of a system. For the manifestation of a causative factor, e.g., a disease, it is necessary to stimulate its program. Today, medicine demonstrates the substitution of the concept “Causative Factor” for the concept “stimulus”. This does not allow to move from technologies that influence symptoms to technologies for managing diseases at the level of their programs.
Cell – according to the generally accepted definition, this is a term denoting an elementary living system, the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms in accordance with the basic position of cellular theory and the accepted dictionary definition. Since prions and viruses are considered extracellular life forms, this definition is devoid of content. Prions are the oldest form of life. Viruses appeared at the next stage of systemic metamorphosis. They got a genetic apparatus. There is reason to believe that by the end of this stage, some of the living systems that appeared at its beginning became parasites, losing a pre-existing cell membrane – an indispensable attribute of any cell. Allocate prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that do not have an established nucleus and other organelles. They do not form multicellular forms. Eukaryotic cells include protoplasm, membrane-bound nucleus and cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains organelles, ribosomes, mitochondria, lysosomes, the Golgi apparatus (complex), the endoplasmic reticulum, various cellular inclusions and chromosomes in the nucleus. Plant cells are different from animal cells. For example, each animal cell has an outer plasma membrane, while plant cells have a solid outer shell in addition to it. There are other differences. In the human body, more than 120 cell types are isolated.
Chemical prosthesis♫ (2003) – is a term denoting an artificial analogue of a chemical substance necessary for the body with its qualitative or quantitative insufficiency. Such a prosthesis is insulin, which is used for type 1 diabetes, an artificial tear for dry eye syndrome, various enzymes for one or another enzyme deficiency, vitamins for vitamin deficiency, etc. 
Chronopathy♫ (from Greek χρόνος – time, – is read as сhrónos, + from Greek πάθος – suffering, passion, – is read as páthos from πάσχω – suffer, endure, – is read as páscho) – is a term denoting of the group of persistent disease states caused by a violation of the ingression connection between the systemic elements of the body of different temporal metrics (2003). Child progeria, Werner's disease, and other similar conditions are chronopathies, but not independent nosological forms. Valabrega used this term (2005) in his concept of psychoanalysis to refer to a nosological unit, implying only a temporary dimension of a psychosomatic symptom. 
Classification♫ (from Lat. classis – category, class, + facio – I do) – is a concept that denotes the distribution of the categories considered by groups (classes) according to the properties found. Thus, a classification is a hierarchical division of a distinguished volume of a concept. There are natural and artificial classifications. The basis of natural classifications is the separation of objects or phenomena on essential grounds. If these are systemic basic features, this is a natural classification. Artificial classifications are based on the allocation of formal, non-essential characteristics, e.g., alphabetically, according to the time of the first description of the object or phenomenon. The development of natural classifications is one of the leading procedures of scientific activity.
Clinical♫ (from Greek κλινική – clinic, – is read as klinikí) – is the definition of a medical institution in which treatment and counseling of patients are conducted with the participation of students from secondary and higher medical educational institutions. The epithet clinical is also used in the designation of disciplines, research, thinking, etc. Clinical thinking in practical medicine involves the use of knowledge, clinical experience, and the intuition of a doctor within the ethical principles of Hippocrates (in Ancient Greek Ιπποκράτης) and Asclepius (in Ancient Greek Ἀσκληπιός). Today, clinical thinking has fallen victim to a rigid formulary approach, which requires the doctor to strictly follow prescribed administrative instructions in the treatment of a particular disease. However, the human body is a system with fuzzy properties and a high level of uncertainty. Therefore, this approach contradicts the principle of polynosology and turns the doctor into an office worker.      
Cloning♫ (from Greek κλώνος – offspring, branch, – is read as klónos) – is the definition of technology for obtaining copies of someone, or something. Cloning organisms at any level of systemic organization cannot create a homologous copy by definition. First, researchers do not take into account the difference in the status of a protein as a subsystemic element of the genetic apparatus. Secondly, the biochemical structure of the donor cell membrane and the recipient cell is different. Thirdly, the membrane of the donor nucleus receives gross damage when it is mechanically removed, and in the recipient cell the graft enters the space of ruptures of the intracellular bonds of the former nucleus. Fourthly, there are not temporal conjugation of metrics of the structural elements of donor and recipient cells, which is fraught with the development of dyshronosis. Fifth, the mitochondrial DNA in the transplant recipient cell remains unchanged, and its replication is synchronized, although partially, with the replication of the DNA of the removed nucleus. This is not a complete list of critical limitations for obtaining a homologous clone under artificial cloning.
Coding♫ (from French code – code, cipher) – is a term denoting the creation and use of of conditional forms of presenting information. Modern management requires the use of increasingly complex coding systems to provide for increasing the bulk, improving the quality and protecting the information transmitted over communication channels and stored in storage devices. All information transmitted via communication channels in complex systems is encoded in accordance with the level of the system organization of a living being. Encoding and decoding should be considered from a probabilistic point of view, assuming a sequential decoding process at all levels of processing a sensory signal. This occurs at the intermediate stages of the passage of sensory signals on the way to the nervous ganglia, to the structures of the spinal cord and brain. The harmonious functioning of the subsystemic elements at different levels of the systemic organization provides an intermediary mechanism, which A. A. Bogdanov called – “ingression”.
Cognition♫ – is the definition of the process of searching, obtaining and systematizing information necessary for the formation of the subject's knowledge. Cognition and knowledge are a systemic whole. Cognition allows you to improve the quality (depth and breadth) of knowledge possessed by the subject. The high quality of knowledge determines the high efficiency of the process of knowledge. The highest form of cognition in any field of science is the discovery. The highest form of knowledge manifests itself through the productive use of interdisciplinary erudition, deduction and a systems approach. Objective and subjective circumstances may limit both cognition and knowledge. The most important objective circumstances represent the infinity of being in time and space, as well as the limitations defined by the second incompleteness and consistency theorem of formal systems by Gödel. The intellectual potential and the time-limited life of the subject are the most important subjective factors. The cognitive resources of living things depend on the level of systemic organization (LSO) of the basic information mechanism they have. Compare with Knowledge.
Collapse of Consciousness♫ (2019) (from Lat. collapsus – fallen, from collabi from col – together + labi – to fall + … consciousness) – is the definition of the first stage in the development of the human death process. This is manifested by the irrevocable termination of the apparatus of the developed consciousness due to the death of the corresponding neurons in the cerebral cortex.
Complementarity♫ (from Lat. complēmentum – addition, completion) – is a concept expressing the mutual correspondence of certain parameters under conditions of high selectivity, e.g., law-phenomenon, antigen-antibody, enzyme-substrate.
Complementarity of Diseases (Group) * (2004) [31]. See Heterosystem Complementarity of Syntropic Clusters in my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
Complementarity of Diseases (Systemic)* (2004) [31]. See Homosystem Complementarity of Syntropic Clusters in my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
Compliance – is a term denoting for a person’s willingness to follow established rules. For example, it is quality of patient who stick a prescribed treatment.
Consciousness♫ – a system category expressing the highest form of reflection through subject-object and subject-subject relations. The volitional signful and symbolic reflection of oneself and the environment in oneself and in the environment occurs in the process of active and dynamic systemic synthesis of the developed brain and the social form of external memory. von Goethe expressed it this way: “A man knows himself only insofar as he knows the world, which he comprehends only in himself, and yourself in himself” [9]. Consciousness is able to reflect the real the world at all levels that are represented in its own systemic organization, creating images of representation. It can also provide fantastic reflection, creating images of the imagination. However, consciousness is not able to fully and self-consistently formalize itself. This follows from the second incompleteness theorem (Godel K., 1931). The system structure of the developed consciousness includes a virtual component in the form of religious consciousness. It performs the function of a peculiar level of superconsciousness, the systemic representation of which is due to the illusion of the ability to control oneself from a higher level of systemic organization. Since this virtual higher level is represented in the structure of the developed consciousness as a part of it, by definition it cannot have a higher level of systemic organization than consciousness itself. In reality, consciousness itself controls itself, while religious consciousness the only serves as a repository of ethical and moral principles and norms. The ability to generate them, follow them or consciously ignore is the main difference between the carrier of a developed consciousness and the rest of the living world. Since ethical principles and norms are subjective, it deprives them of the expected content. Moreover, at each historical stage and in different circumstances, they change, sometimes radically. Therefore, ethical standards, as well as morality, have many isomers. The function of the virtual component of consciousness is to block the random transition of the system to a phylogenetically new level of systemic organization. However, this component provides an imitation of such a possibility. In accordance with its status, although it is virtual, religious consciousness claims to control the formation, development, and activity of a developed consciousness conditioned by the social the environment. In contrast to the interpretation of the concept of parallelism of psychophysical by Hartley, Leibniz and others, in which consciousness was considered only through its relation to the processes inside the body, the system concept of Revo (1986) [18] presents consciousness as a systemic unity of the developed brain and the social form of external memory. In this regard, the ongoing attempts to express consciousness through sensations and reflexes from Locke and Decartes in modern neuro- and psychophysiology are anachronism. Consciousness loses its system status when the cerebral cortex ceases to function. Under normal conditions, this occurs 3-4 minutes after circulatory arrest. The dictionary definition of consciousness is absent in many dictionaries, where it must be presented.
Content♫, syn. Essence – is a concept that, in semantics, provides for the formalization of denotate. This is a necessary element for understanding the signified, indicated by the name in terms of the system of compliance of the result of the action and its motivation. Meaning is a subjective concept, whereas content is objective, because it exists outside the subject and independently of it. von Goethe on this score put it like this: “My main task is to distract myself from myself as much as possible and perceive objects in all possible purity”[2]. Content, like meaning, is the central concept in the definition of any lexical unit. Content as a philosophical category, close to the essence, is the defining side of the whole, a systemic collection of its parts. Compare with Meaning.
Context♫ (from Lat. contextus – closely interlaced, tightly connected, continuous) – is the definition of a part of a text or speech that has a semantic completeness (integrity) that promotes the manifestation or giving meaning to words, sentences and phrases, and in groups. Context plays the role of the environment, although it does not have its system qualities. Cases where the meaning of any term is entirely determined by the context is called the contextual definition of the term. For example, such a term as a cell, depending on the context, can denote a geometric figure on the pages of a notebook, a room for an animal in the zoo, a structural element of the organism.
Convergence♫ (from L. Lat. prefix con- – prefix in the meaning of the together, connection, + vergere – to incline) – is a term denoting process of mutual rapprochement something in some real or imaginary space. For example, the convergence of sound or electromagnetic waves, the convergence of the humanitarian sphere and the natural sciences. True, in the latter case, starting from the 17th cent., the reverse process continues – divergence.
Correlative Matrix of Diseases* (1998) [34] (from L. Lat. correlātiōn from prefix cor- – as variant com- – at meaning – with, + relātiōn – relations, from Lat. mātrix – root cause, source, + … diseases) – a term denoting the type of data systematized by age groups of the population and representing syntropic clusters of diseases (see table on page 24). Correlation matrixes of diseases are an effective technological tool of a doctor for probabilistic diagnosis and prognosis for the next five years of the most common chronic diseases in various age groups of the population. Correlative matrix of diseases for the age group over 50 are presented in the book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II. Attention! The indicators of the table may vary for different persons, since they depend on specific circumstances (heredity, ecology, bad habits, etc.).
     Table
The Diseases in the Structure of the Syntropic Clusters of the Population and the Forecast for the Age Group of 20-50 Years
 
 
n/n
The lead-ing di-sease of a person
 
      Nosological forms in the syntropic cluster
             (age group 20-50 years)
Fore-cast of new
 diseases

1
Ath
HBP
DM
CHD
CTHP
 
 
 
 
 
TR, CSH

2
CBr
HT
OCH
CChC
Ath
DM
TR
SU
Hmr
CSH
HBP, CHD

3
CChC
Hmr
SU
CLt
OCH
DM
HT
Ccy
HBP
CHD
Ath

4
Ccy
CPN
NL
HBP
OCH
CChC
HT
CTHP
TR
 
CPT, CSH

5
CGN
Ath
TR
CPT
Rh
CSH
 
 
 
 
DM, CChC

6
CHD
Ath
HBP
DM
 
 
 
 
 
 
CBr, TR

7
CLt
CChC
CSH
Hmr
CHD
TR
 
 
 
 
Ath, DM

8
CPN
NL
Ccy
OCH
Ath
TR
HT
 
 
 
SU, DM

9
CPT
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ccy, Hmr

10
CSH
CLt
CPN
CBr
Ath
Rh
 
 
 
 
DM, CHD

11
CTHP
OCH
TR
Ccy
Rh
Ath
CHD
 
 
 
CBr

12
DM
Ath
HBP
CHD
OCH
NL
CChC
SU
 
 
TR, CLt

13
HBP
Ath
CHD
DM
OCH
NL
TR
CChC
 
 
CBr

14
Hmr
SU
CChC
Ccy
HT
OCH
CBr
 
 
 
CPT, NL

15
HT
NL
Hmr
CBr
CChC
OCH
Ccy
TR
 
 
 

16
NL
CPN
Ccy
HT
CPT
Ath
DM
Rh
OCH
 
  CChC, CHD

17
OCH
HT
CChC
DM
Ccy
Hmr
CTHP
SU
HBP
Ath
CPT, NL

18
Rh
CTHP
TR
NL
HBP
SU
CSH
 
 
 
OCH

19
SU
Hmr
CChC
CBr
OCH
 
 
 
 
 
Ath, HBP

20
TR
Rh
CTHP
Ath
HBP
CBr
CPN
 
 
 
DM, CHD

 
Explanations for the table: 
Ath – atherosclerosis, CBr – chronic bronchitis, Ccy – chronic cystitis, CLt – cholelithiasis, CChC – chronic cholecystitis, CSH – cirrhosis, DM – diabetes mellitus, HBP – high blood pressure, Hmr – hemorrhoids, HT – hyper- or hypothyroidism, CHD – coronary heart disease, NL – nephrolithiasis, CGN – chronic glomerulonephritis, OCH – osteochondrosis, CPT – chronic prostatitis, CPN – chronic pyelonephritis, SU – stomach ulcer, Rh – rheumatism, TR – tumor, CTHP – chronic thrombophlebitis.
 
Creative Humility* (2012) – is the definition of the form of relations between an individual and society, in which both autonomous and heteronomous morality makes a person conscientious, useful to society and interesting to himself. Thus, creative humility reflects a person in society through a system output (See System Output). The ethic norms of society through the apparatus of the system input of the personality reflect society in it. Humility in this context is the desire to put into practice the strategy of corporate cooperation with the environment, obeying its requirements. This reduces the tectological hostility of the environment to an acceptable level of security. Creative humility also implies the active use of various intensive technologies and the willingness to improvise in accordance with specific conditions within the limits of accepted responsibility. It should become the basic principle of organizing a semiosphere of the person, because otherwise the continuing divergence of the social sphere and natural sciences will lead to a global catastrophe.
Darwin's Demon – is the definition of the transcendental imperative that determines the optimal conditions for natural selection. He represents the thought experiment of Azimov (1963).
Death♫ – 1) the definition of the state of the organism in which the return to life is impossible; 2) the definition of a phased process of irreversible disintegration of the organism at all levels of its systemic organization (LSO). Man perceives death in different contexts. Social and systemic understanding occurs through various forms of the subject activity of the subject. The image-emotional perception occurs due to the absence of any potentially repetitive effect of the real physical presence of the subject. Finally, the abstract biological representation provides the memory of the ontogenetic apparatus [31]. The critical level of any systemic resource of the body starts the process of dying. This may be a critically high level of entropy in the apparatus of one of the levels of systemic organization living being. The probability of success of resuscitation measures depends on the phylogenetic age of the systemic structure, the resources of which are exhausted, e.g., telomeric. The death of the main systemic elements at any level of systemic organization will first manifest at the phylogenetically finite level. For a human, this is the level of developed consciousness. The hierarchical structure of consciousness presents the systemic integrity and includes the main systemic elements of all phylogenetically preceding LSO. Therefore, the death of any of them is the death of consciousness as a whole entity. This circumstance today does not take into account, which does not allow to determine the level of damage to the main system mechanisms. Therefore, doctors often try to reanimate the corpse. They have the greatest opportunities for a favorable outcome of resuscitation in cases where the patient retains the basic mechanism of consciousness, and sufficient system resources of all other LSO. Under these conditions, the chances of recovery increase the body's immersion in the drug coma, while maintaining at least minor adaptive resources of these elements. Consciousness ceases to work irrevocably in the case of hypoxia of the brain due to a lack or cessation of oxygen in the blood when the circulation stops for more than three to four minutes. With rare exceptions, including with general cooling, this indicator may be higher. About the collapse of consciousness shows the death of neurons in the cerebral cortex. The beginning of this stage can be manifested by agony and imaginary remission. After determining the moment of death of neurons or other basic systemic elements of life, any measures for resuscitation correspond to the situation known in many sports as Zugzwang – coercion to move (from German Zug – move and Zwang – coercion) when any action or inaction of doctors cannot save a person. After the death of consciousness, the functions of the main system elements phylogenetically preceding the LSO are consistently terminated. This is consistent with the principle of layer-by-layer destruction of complex systems (according to A. Bogdanov), which manifests itself “... with sufficient homogeneity of disorganizing influences, when they simultaneously and parallel capture the entire system. <...> The path of annihilation is shortened in the inverse order of system formation.”) The systemic biodynamic feature of death also expresses the law of irreversibility of the evolutionary process of Ribot (1894) [40] and the law of regression in memory of Dollo (1893). Neurons of other parts of the brain cease their activity 8-10 minutes after fixing the death of the organism. First the neurons of the frontal lobes die off, late – the neurons of the medullare to die. The remaining neurons of the body can continue to work up to five hours after death, and many genes remain active for up to 12 hours. It is known that the older an LSO of an organism, the longer this period, e.g., in mice, it lasts up to 48 hours, and in a fish Danio rerio – 96 hours [56]. The mechanism of reversible spontaneous ultrahigh-frequency conformational dynamics (hydration ⇄ dehydration) of protein molecules ceases to work in the last turn, after 72-168 hours. First, the quaternary is destroyed, then successively the tertiary, secondary and, finally, the primary structure. This systemic thanatodynamics must be considered, first of all, during resuscitation, organ transplantation, forensic medical examinations and trade, for which it is important to know the degree of freshness of products, and especially of animal origin. In addition to the systemic criteria for determining death, it has others, such as ethical, moral, morphological, legal, thermodynamic, etc. Thus, Schrödinger (1955) defined death as a state of maximum entropy [59]. There are currently several standards for determining death. In accordance with the Uniform Determination of Death Act (UDDA) Act, the cardiopulmonary system standard is most often used, as well as the standard for the entire brain or brainstem, which ceases to function during clinical death. This is wrong, since such standards do not meet the biological and, moreover, systemic criteria for death.
Demon of Diseases♫ (2018) (from Ancient Greek δαίμων – spirit, divine power, – is read as daimōn, + … diseases) – is a definition of a transcendental imperative that selects a specific organism from a population in which it launches a chronic disease program in accordance of biopathotype. In the next meta-stage of systemic metamorphosis, the demon of phylogenesis will present new forms of diseases that are impossible for humans. The demon of diseases is the younger essence of the demon of phylogenesis. These demons are a form of thought experimentation. See Bestiary of Transcendences.
Demon of Phylogenesis♫ (2018) (from Ancient Greek δαίμων – a spirit, divine power, – is read as daimōn, + from Greek φυλή – genus, tribe, – is read as fylí, + γένεσις – birth, origin, – is read as génesis), syn. demon of systemic metamorphosis – is the definition of the transcendental imperative of systemic metamorphosis, which causes the sudden appearance of living forms in a given place at a given moment with a fundamentally new level of systemic organization (LSO) of the basic information mechanism. They do not have intermediate forms because that are impossible by definition. At each stage of phylogenesis, the number of new taxa decreased exponentially. For a human, as a carrier of developed consciousness (this is V LSO), the demon of phylogenesis chose an archetype from higher primates (this is IV LSO). For living beings of the previous stage (this is IV LSO) he chose a more representative set from of living beings of III LSO, etc. The next meta-stage of systemic metamorphosis will add new forms of living beings and new diseases for them [28]. The demon of phylogenesis is the oldest essence of the demon of disease. These demons are a form of thought experimentation. See Bestiary of Transcendences.
Demon of Systemic Metamorphosis*. See Demon of Phylogenesis♫. Deontology♫ (from Greek δεοντος – due, proper, – is read as deontos, + λόγος – word, reason, teaching, – is read as lógos) – a term denoting the doctrine of the regulation of professional behavior of health workers in accordance with traditions, laws and internal regulations. The term introduced (1834) Bentham [47] to denote the theory of ethic in general.
Diagnosis♫ (from Greek διά- – prefix in value for, through, – is read as diá, + γνώση – knowledge, – is read as gnósi), syn. Diagnostics – is a concept denoting a set of actions of a doctor by definition of human diseases and stages of their development. Each person always has several chronic diseases at different stages of development. This circumstance requires to use of resources of the Future Metamedicine. Today they include the correlative matrix of diseases [21, 22, 37], the concept of biopathotypes [29], and the concept of syntropic clusters [31]. Completeness of the diagnosis always assumes the maximum certainty of all hierarchical elements. They represent the following system complex: symptoms → pathognomonic symptom (this is the basic systemic symptom) → symptom complex (specific combination of symptoms) → disease (nosological form, each of which has its own development program) → systemopathy (combination of nosological forms of one level of systemic organization) → syntropic disease cluster (for each individual) → biopathotype (for population) [31]. The semantics of the diagnosis suggests that the doctor will pay particular attention to non-specific symptoms, as Selye pointed out [58].
Disease♫, syn. Nosological Form – is the definition of the phenomenon of unfolding in the body of a phylogenetically determined innate specific program process, which reduce the adaptive capabilities of a living being.
However, today the disease is presented as “… any harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of the body, usually associated with certain signs and symptoms and differing in nature from physical damage” [62]. The epithet harmful is not correct in this context, because in the body we have various forms of harmfulness, e.g., many metabolic products. The World Health Organization defines the disease as “a violation of the function or structure of any part of the body” due to the inability to fully adapt to “stimuli and stresses.” It is assumed that the disease “can be prevented or treated by changing any combination of factors” [63]. These declarations illustrate the archaic nature-philosophical approach to the disease, which cannot offer technologies for the prevention of non-communicable diseases by definition. The systemic information paradigm (Revo V.V., 1986) presents the disease as an expedient phased development in the body of any particular phylogenetically determined congenital program [28]. It should be assumed (Revo V., 1986-2018) that the attribute element for disease programs at all levels of the systemic organization of life are complexes of protein nature and their wave forms. Botkin, Davydovsky [12], Selye recognized the programm mechanism of the diseases [58]. Davydovsky emphasized in this connection that “whatever the characteristic of the pathological process (traumatic, infectious, cancerous) it is a self-developing process, independent of whether the etiological factor is involved (microbe or infection) or not (the instrument that caused the injury, the carcinogen that caused the cancer)”. There are two forms of diseases: acute and chronic. The pathogenesis of these forms is of a different nature. In one variant the acute disease may cease, and the chronic disease to enter into a remission phase. Such an outcome is possible with the effective work of adaptation mechanisms, e.g., immunity in the course of an infectious process, or with effective treatment. Another option involves death due to the destruction of vital organs. The work of the positive feedback mechanism accelerates depletion of adaptation resources. The situation is complicated by Polymorbidity (syn. Comorbidity) – the simultaneous development of several chronic diseases of one or another syntropic cluster. Manifestations of the disease in the wild distinguishes a living being among others in the general system of the food chain. Therefore, polymorbidity in the wild is extremely rare. The problem of eradicating diseases does not have a solution, because any of them is a natural phenomenon inherent in all living beings. The epithet “expedient” was not accidental. Although any disease reduces the adaptive capacity of the body, it increases the diversity in it. This provides a non-entropic effect [31]. The acquired immunity, which has not only thermodynamic, but also biological consequences, has the same effect. Therefore, the concept of expediency should be interpreted from the point of view of the manifestation of the laws of Nature, and not from subjective positions. A disease – is an objective, i.e., a natural and regular informational process. Szilard (1929) was the first to draw attention to the connection of information and negative entropy. Metamedicine should be able to control the optimal balance between these processes. Programs of any disease are available for management, with the exception of socialoses (syn. Social diseases). Socialoses are inaccessible even to an exhaustive formalization because of their transcendental essence. However, appropriate alternatives make it possible to effectively manage even socialoses, although only at a phenomenological level [37]. For example, B. Franklin proposed (1752) a lightning conductor, which did not cancel the natural process – a thunderstorm and its dangerous manifestation in the form of lightning, but became an effective alternative, eliminating the danger of electric shock. Compare with Illness. See Postulates № 2 and № 21 in the second part of the book.
Disease Complication♫ – is the definition of the structural and / or functional disorders in the body at the organ or tissue level during the deploument of the disease program or during any diagnostic or therapeutic and preventive procedures. Systemic complications of diseases manifest in violation of the activity of system elements of phylogenetically preceding levels of systemic organization.
Disease Pattern♫ – is a term denoting the structural feature of the systemic set of causal and qualitative relationships between various diseases in the body, acting as a regularity.
Divergence♫ (from Lat. dis- – prefix in the meaning of separation, + vergere – incline) – is the definition of the process of mutual divergence of something in any real or imaginary space. For example, the divergence of sound or electromagnetic waves, the divergence of the humanitarian sphere and natural sciences, etc. Divergence is the opposite of convergence.
Doctor♫, syn. Physician – is a definition of a specialist who has received a state certificate (diploma) of higher medical education, a certificate of the availability of the necessary specialized training, and a license to engage in a certain type of medical activity. The content of medical activity has not changed significantly over the centuries. This may change radically in the 21st cent., when technologies for influencing the symptoms of diseases will complement ways of managing their programs. Today, the doctor is hostage to formulary treatment, which kills clinical thought and causes an iatrogenic pandemic.
Doctor-hacker*. See Biohacking.
Doctor's Error♫. See Medical Error.
Doctrine (from Lat. doctrina – teaching, science, scholarship) – is the definition of a scientific or philosophical theory, a system, a guiding theoretical or political principle. The doctrine of modern medicine proceeds from the paradigm of Aristotle (in Ancient Greek Αριστοτέλης, 384-322 BC). He believed that “... the only natural state is the state of rest ... and ... for some object to move, it must be constantly influenced.” This declaration implies a constant search for the enemy, some external reason for the development of any adverse phenomena, e.g., diseases. However, Oppenheimer showed (1967) that the natural state of matter is uniform motion, which does not require an explanation or establishment of reasons. However, this did not shake the archaic doctrine of medicine. Paracelsus represented the disease as a kind of foreign evil, and not as a phenomenon of Nature. He called to tear out this evil, like a weed, in any way. This approach has survived to the present, including the fight against the disease through effects on the symptoms. Botkin, Davydovsky [12], Selye [58] and other, tried to change the situation but the medical community did not support these initiatives. Medicine remains faithful to the precepts of Paracelsus, but eventually it will still have to become a science. Bernard quotes de Laplace, who offered to let doctors to the Academy of Sciences, “… to give them the opportunity to communicate with scientists” [3]. Today, doctors received this opportunity. Moreover, some of them even became members of the academy, but this did not change the situation.
Duration♫ – is a term denoting a quantitative measure of the expression of temporal relations.
Dyschronosis♫ (from Lat. prefix dis- from Greek δυσ- in meaning separation, disorder, deviation from the norm, – is read as dys, + χρόνος – time, – is read as сhrónos) – is the definition of neurosis-like diseases due to a sudden change in the usual the rhythm of life, e.g., when crossing time zones, disturbing sleep and wakefulness, etc.
Dystropy♫ (from Lat. prefix dis- from Greek δυσ- in the sense of separation, frustration, deviation from the norm, – is read as dys-, + τρόπος – path, direction, method or mode of action, – is read as trópos) – is a term denoting absence of stable group combinations of certain syndromes and / or nosological forms in biopathotype. Examples of dystropy: pulmonary tuberculosis and bronchial asthma or mitral stenosis, many forms of cancer and Parkinson’s, Alzheimer's or Huntington’s disease, Down syndrome and schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, etc.
Encephalodynamics♫ (from Greek eγκέφαλος – brain, – is read as enkéfalos, + δυναμικός (f. δυναμική) – strong, powerful, – is read as dynamikós) – is the definition of a discipline that studies phenomenology, structure, basic system mechanisms for organizing and managing dynamic multi-rank hierarchical living systems with a developed brain. The subject area of ​​encephalodynamics is represented by complex hierarchical systems of proteomic (I LSO), genetic (II LSO), neuronal-docephalic (III LSO) and cephal levels (IV LSO) [30, 35]. The method of encephalodynamics is a general scientific axiomatic and deductive. The tool of encephalodynamics is represented by psychology, biodynamics, systems engineering. The language of encephalodynamics is the language of system engineering, protedynamics, genodynamics, neurodynamics and sociodynamics. Encephalodynamics uses general scientific axiomatic and deductive methods. The tool of encephalodynamics is represented by psychology, biodynamics, systems engineering. The language of encephalodynamics is the language of systems engineering, protedynamics, genodynamics, neurodynamics and sociodynamics. The conceptual apparatus of encephalodynamics is a terminological thesaurus of material and abstract systems from computer science and nonequilibrium thermodynamics to protedynamics, genodynamics, neurodynamics and sociodynamics. The need to use the resources of sociodynamics is due to the requirements of second theorem on incompleteness (Gödel K., 1931).
Encephalomics* (2019) (from Greek εγκέφαλος – brain, – is read as enkéfalos, + σώμα – body, – is read as sóma) – is the definition of a part of biology designed to study the structural and functional features of the developed brain in the body. It should also study the systemic aspects of his relationship with other basic systemic elements of the body and with the environment. It solves both research and applied problems.
Encephalomorphosis* (2019) – is the definition of a special group of encephalopathies. They arise at a specific effect on the apparatus of the nerve networks and ganglia of the developed brain. For more details, see my book Prolegomena for Future Metamedicine. Part II. 
Encephalopathies♫ – is the definition of the group of syndromes, the main symptom complex of which manifests itself through the disruption of the work of the structures and functional systems of the developed brain. For details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
Encephalopathotype* (2001) [29] (from Greek εγκέφαλος – brain, – is read as enkéfalos, + from Greek πάθος – suffering, passion, – is read as páthos, + τύπος – type, imprint, shape, – is read as týpos) – is a definition of a biopathotype, whose disease programs reflect the basic mechanism of the fourth level of the systemic organization of living organisms (IV LSO) and are part of the encephaloses system. See Systemic Binary Classification of Diseases.
Encephaloses♫ – is the definition of diseases whose programs arose at the fourth stage of phylogenesis in animals with a developed brain; 2) the term encephalosis is also used as syn. various non-infectious diseases of the brain under the general name encephalopathy. In this context, this is incorrect. For details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
Encephalotype* (2001) [29] (from Greek εγκέφαλος – brain, – is read as enkéfalos, + τύπος – type, imprint, shape, pattern, – is read as týpos) – is a definition of the type of living organisms in the systemic structure of which at the fourth stage of phylogenesis a developed brain first appeared. His phylogenetic memory includes the memory of the previous stages of systemic metamorphosis. The intrasystem encephalotype is represented at the subsystem level in the structure of the living beings phylogenetically subsequent level of systemic organization.
Entropic Management Principle* (2004) [31] (from Greek ἐντροπία, – is read as entropia, from ἐν- preposition in the sense of orientation inward, – is read as en, τροπή – transformation, turn, – is read as, tropí, + … management principle) – a term denoting technological direction in experimental and clinical medicine, which is based on the control and management of processes that manifest entropy phenomena in the development of various diseases.
Environmentology♫ (Environment ... + from Greek λόγος – word, mind, teaching, – is read as lógos) – is the definition of the discipline for studying the environment of hierarchically organized complex systems. The system structure of each level of systemic organization (LSO) in the body is the external environment for all phylogenetically preceding system elements. Thus, the organism has an external the environment, which is common for it as a whole, and a number of the internal environments for the system elements of the previous stages of phylogenesis represented in them. These internal environments have their own hierarchy. The relationship between them determines the life of the organism. It is a kind of the internal environments for the organism as a system, but at the same time it is an external the environment for its subsystems. Revo proposed (2009) for these elements a common name – Internal External Environment♫.
Essence♫. See Content.
Ethic♫ – is a concept that represents relations in the field of an individual’s social practice, which are expressed in customs, mores, etc. It is non-institutional, i.e., it is not a sphere of organized human activity. This allowed G. Hegel to consider it corporate, and morality as a universal feature[3]. There are no structures in society that develop and introduce ethic into consciousness. Social practice testifies in favor of its dynamic relativity. Social inequality, armed conflict and mass terrorism are showing steady dynamics in weakening the potential of personal freedom. Ethics reflects itself at the level of personality. It manifests itself through the input of the system, since it is determined by the purpose of the system in the environment through the apparatus of the basic mechanisms of all levels of the systemic organization of the living (LSO), especially clearly – at the level of developed consciousness. Compare with Morality. 
Ethical Safety* (2008) (from Greek ηθική – the teaching of morality, ethics, moral philosophy, – is read as ithikí, from έθος – custom, temper, character, – is read as éthos, + … safety) – is the definition of a measure of ethical relations (good ↔ evil) in the system (subject ⇄ social environment) under conditions or in a combination of conditions that correspond to the norms adopted in certain historical circumstances. Etiopathogenesis♫ (from Greek αιτία – cause, – is read as aitía, + πάθος – suffering, passion, – is read as páthos, + from Greek γένεσις – birth, origin, – is read as génesis) – is a term denoting the cumulative characteristic causal mechanisms of any particular state of the organism, e.g., a disease.
Euthanasia♫ (from Greek εύθανασία, – is read as éfthanasía, from εύ – the prefix in the meaning of well, completely, correctly, – is read as éu, θάνατος – death, – is read as thánatos), syn. Lulling, Killing Incurable Patients – is a term denoting acceleration of death or killing a person with his consent or in the absence of his capacity – with the consent of relatives. There are two forms of euthanasia. Deliberate failure to provide necessary medical care in the absence of insurmountable obstacles to prevent death is a form of passive euthanasia. Intentional deprivation of life with the use of medical resourses is a form of active euthanasia. In some countries, euthanasia (data for 2017) is legalized (Holland, Belgium, Spain, Colombia, Oregon, USA, etc.), sometimes it is used de facto. In some countries, such as Russia, euthanasia qualifies as a crime. Today, the euthanasia procedure is either disconnection from external devices that provide breathing and circulation, or intravenous injection of a lethal dose of the corresponding drug. Both technological approaches do not provide an instantaneous cessation of the vital activity of an organism at all levels of its systemic organization. It must be assumed that the practice of euthanasia will expand, and the technology will change. Non-invasive means should provide an instantaneous cessation of the operation of the main apparatus of the living – reversible spontaneous ultrahigh-frequency conformational dynamics (hydration ⇄ dehydration) of the protein. In this case, the work of the basic mechanisms of all other levels of systemic organization will also immediately cease. We do not know what and how a person feels in the process of dying, including during euthanasia, it is possible that he is experiencing suffering that does not appear externally or cannot be detected. Therefore, the new technology of euthanasia must take this circumstance into account. The term euthanasia introduced (1605) Bacon [53], although the principle of this procedure has been known since prehistoric times.
Excitability♫ – is a concept that represents the ability of organisms that have neurons in their systemic structure to change their state under the influence of external and internal stimuli. Excitability is the phylogenetically the next level of reflection after irritability, the manifestation of which is provided by the neuroreceptor apparatus. According to the empirical psychophysiological Weber-Fechner law, there is a logarithmic dependence of the sensation force (E) on the physical intensity of the stimulus (P): E = k log P + c, where k and c are constants determined by this sensory system. This law applies only to the middle part of the range of perceived stimuli. Experiments have shown that an increase in the strength of the stimulus is always less than the strength of the sensation obtained. The nonlinear connection between the change in the strength of the stimulus and the sensation was discovered by Weber (1830-1834). This dependence was calculated and formulated as a law by Fechner (1858-1860).
Facies Hippocratica (from Lat. facies – mask, + … Hippocratica from Ancient Greek Ιπποκράτης, – is read as Ippokrátis), syn. Hippocrates mask – is a term denoting signs of human terminal states, reflected on the face in severe illnesses and conditions, such as peritonitis, perforation of the stomach or duodenum, exhaustion, insomnia, etc., as well as during the agony. These symptoms include sunken eyes, sunken cheeks, pointed nose, cyanotic skin tone with sweat drops, etc. Such a state was described by Hippocrates (in Ancient Greek Ιπποκράτης) [10] in a work called Προγνωστικόν (Prognostic, – is read as Prognostikón).
Fight♫ – is a term denoting: 1) the competitional process conducted in accordance with established rules; 2) volitional level of management of natural phenomena, such, e.g., as pain, fear. Oppenheimer, (1964) wrote that the natural state of matter is a movement that does not require an explanation or establishment of causes. Aristotle (in Ancient Greek Αριστοτέλης), on the contrary, considered the state of rest to be the natural state of matter, which required constant influence so that some object could move. This approach requires a constant search for the enemy, some external reason for the development of any adverse events, e.g., diseases. The term fight is incorrect outside the semantic field of contractual forms of relations, e.g., in medicine, in sports. Only systemically adequate alternatives can be rational. However, social practice demonstrates the dominance of the fight, not the search for alternatives. This testifies in some cases of ignorance, in others – of the slyness of the organizers of the fight for the harvest, for the peace, for the environment, against the false science, against poverty, etc. This is an indicator of a serious crisis in the training of competent specialists in many areas, including systems analysis and system biodynamics.
Formulary♫ (from Lat. forma – form, model, sample) – is the definition of a complex of any formal procedures performed in accordance with the established sequence. For example, the formulary principle of organizing a doctor’s work is focused on the disease that is manifested in a patient, whereas it represents only one element of a syntropic cluster. This principle declares the advantage of prescribed actions over the professional experience, knowledge and intuition of a doctor acting according to the clinical situation. This approach is unacceptable when working with a sick person, which is a system with fuzzy properties and an extremely high level of uncertainty. This does not provide control at the level of each disease program for each person and contributes to the further spread of the iatrogenic pandemic.
Freedom♫ – is a definition of the form of relations in which any living being has the opportunity to choose the limitations of his being. Since the choice of a mentally healthy person is conscious, a mistake implies a responsibility to society. Different degree of maturity of a person as an individual implies different responsibilities. Diseases are an immanent part of the being of all life, therefore freedom from disease is a bluff.
Future Metamedicine♫ (from Greek μετα- – prefix in the meaning of post-, through-, – is read as meta, + from Lat. medicus – medical, curative), syn. Tektomedicine* (from Greek root τέχ- in words τεκτων – the builder, – is read as tekton, τέχνης – art, – is read as téchnis) – is the definition of the field of institutional and special methods of treating diseases. It represents both general medicine, which provides management of the symptoms of diseases, and special medicine, which controls diseases at the level of their development programs. For more detail, see Future Metamedicine in my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. 4th edition. Part II.
Genodynamics* (2005) [32] (from Greek γένος – genus, origin, is read as gènos, + δυναμικός (fem. g. δυναμική) – powerful, strong, – is read as dynamikós) – is the definition of a discipline that studies phenomenology, structure, the main system mechanisms for the organization and management of dynamic multi-rank hierarchical living systems of the genetic level organization (II LSO). The subject area of ​​genodynamics is a complex hierarchical system of the proteomic-genetic level (I and II LSO) and systems of phylogenetically younger levels of organization in which the genetic level is represented in subsystemic ranks of different orders. The method of genodynamics – general axiomatic and deductive. The tool of genodynamics are genetics, biodynamics, system engineering. The language of genodynamics is the languages ​​of systems engineering, protedynamics, genodynamics and neurodynamics. The conceptual apparatus of genodynamics represents a terminological thesaurus of material and abstract systems ranging from informatics and non-equilibrium thermodynamics to protedynamics, genodynamics and neurodynamics. The need to use the resources of neurodynamics is due to the requirements of the second theorem of Gödel on the incompleteness and consistency of formal systems.
Genome (from Greek γένος – genus, origin, – is read as gènos, + σῶμα – body, – is read as soma) – definition of the whole set of genes in a single set of an organism. The term was proposed by von H. Winkler (1920) to denote "a haploid set of chromosomes together with the corresponding protoplasm" as applied to a systematic unit – a species.
In this definition, he considered the set of chromosomes and protoplasm as a whole. This is an important circumstance for understanding the principle of the systemic integrity of the living. He did not explain the etymology of the introduced term, probably considering it obvious. For the second part of the term, he used the second part of the composite German word chromosome (from other Greek χρῶμα – skin, color, – is read as chrō̂ma, + σῶμα – body, – is read as sō̂ma). The term chromosome was suggested by H. Waldeyer (1888). Today -omics endings are widely used in biological vocabulary based only on the consonance of the term genome. It is not correct. The international program "Human Genome" (1990-2003) determined the sequences of three billion pairs of nucleotides in the genes of 23 pairs of nucleus chromosomes and mitochondrial genes. Sequencing and analysis showed that the human genome consists of 20-25 thousand active genes.
Genomics – is the definition of a branch of biology that studies the structural and functional characteristics of all genes in the body. Rapidly developing genomics excessively exaggerates the importance of the genetic component in the systemic structure of the body. The genetic level of the systemic organization of life cannot be considered in isolation from other levels of organization of living organisms, which are an indivisible systemic whole. Genomics solves both research and applied problems.
Genomorphoses – is the definition of a special group of genopathies that occur when the deviant effect on the genetic apparatus. For more details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II. 
Genopathies♫ [34] (from Greek γένος – genus, origin, – is read as gènos, + from Greek πάθος – suffering, passion, – is read as páthos from πάσχω – suffer, endure, – is read as páscho) – is the definition of a group of syndromes, the main symptom complex of which manifests itself at the level of the genetic apparatus at the second, third and / or fourth level of systemic organization (see II, III and IV LSO) of the basic information mechanism alive in the form of, e.g., suppression or expression of a gene. Genopathies differ from genoses by the absence of signs of the development of pathognomonic changes programs of the basic mechanism’s characteristic for diseases of this level systemic organization.
Genopathotype* (2001) [29] (from Greek γένος – genus, origin, – is read as gènos, + from Greek πάθος – suffering, passion, – is read as páthos from πάσχω – suffer, endure, – is read as páscho, + τύπος – type, imprint, form, pattern, – is read as týpos) – is the definition of a biopathotype, whose disease programs reflect the basic mechanism of the second level of the systemic organization of living beings (II LSO) and are part of the genoses system. See Systemic Binary Classification of Diseases.
Genoses♫ [29] – is the definition of diseases whose programs arose at the second stage of phylogenesis, when living organisms first acquired the genetic apparatus. For details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
Genotype♫ (from Greek γένος – genus, origin, – is read as gènos, + τύπος – type, imprint, form, sample, – is read as týpos) – is a definition of the type of living organisms in the systemic structure of which, at the II stage of phylogenesis, the genetic apparatus first appeared. His phylogenetic memory includes the memory of the previous stage of systemic metamorphosis. The intrasystemic genotype is represented at the subsystem level in the structure of living beings phylogenetically subsequent levels of systemic organization. The generally accepted concept of genotype was introduced by Johannsen (1909) [50].
Gerontology♫ (from Greek γέροντας – old man, – is read as gérontas, + λόγος – word, mind, doctrine, – is read as lógos) – is a term denoting a section of biodynamics that studies the manifestations of the aging processes of living organisms, including humans. See Aging.
Gerontophilic Diseases♫ (from Greek γέροντας – old man, – is read as gérontas, + from Ancient Greek φιλία friendship, – is read as filía, + ... diseases) – is the definition of the diseases most often developing in the age group older than 50 years. Revo (1985-2009) [22, 34] showed, that after reaching 50 years of age, the number of nosologies in syntropic clusters in humans increases dramatically. This circumstance requires the doctor to know the clinical and thermodynamic features, both diseases and the patient. At this age, the suppressor function of lymphocytes decreases, the fixation of immune complexes in organs and tissues increases. This occurs against the background of an increase in the incidence of diseases with an autoimmune and allergic component that require immunosuppression. However, an increase in the number of chronic infectious diseases and malignant tumors requires the use of therapeutic agents that stimulate the immune response. Such a dilemma requires that the doctor choose an acceptable alternative. There is another side to the problem that complicates the task of the doctor. An increase in the number of diseases in person leads to greater diversity in the system. According to the second law of thermodynamics, this reduces its entropy. However, each new disease as a biodynamic process constantly requires additional energy for itself. Since the energy resource of the organism is finite, it may not withstand this load. Medicine does not yet use the opportunity to manage disease development programs. Therefore, the doctor’s strategy should include an acceptable solution when choosing a clinical and thermodynamic alternative. However, today this problem is not even raised.
Grammatology♫ (from Greek γράμματος – letter, spelling, – is read as grámmatos, + λόγος – word, reason, doctrine, – is read as lógos) – is the definition of the doctrine of writing, in which consider the conditions for the possible meaning of written signs and constructions from them and systematize the relationship between writing and speech. In this context, grammatology can help to understand the patterns and characteristics of the development of the social form of external memory.
Health♫ (1999) [27] – is a term denoting a conditional state of an organism in which freedom from limiting the quality of life is maintained. These limitations cause various causes: social, psychological, physical, functional, as well as pain. Therefore, Berdyaev had reason to define health as freedom in an ontological representation [2]. The term Health has only generally accepted sense, but does not have a systemic content. Therefore, concepts such as good or bad health, improving and promoting health are just figures of speech that provide opportunities for sly initiatives. As Nietzsche wrote: “There is no health in oneself, and all attempts to define this kind of thing result in a pitiable failure. In order to establish what, in fact, means health for your body, it is necessary to reduce the question to your goal, your horizon, your forces, your inclinations, your delusions, and in particular to the ideals and chimeras of your soul. <...> Finally, the big question remains whether we can manage without disease, <...> In short, is not the exceptional will to health a prejudice, cowardice and, perhaps, a kind of subtlest barbarity and backwardness” [15]. The paradox of health is that the body, functioning to provide homeostasis in the mode to decrease entropy, needs diseases, which are banks of negentropy. According to the preamble of the Charter of the World Health Organization (1948): “Health is a state of complete physical, spiritual and social well-being, and not only the absence of disease or infirmity” [64]. This definition is incorrect, since the phylogenetic memory of any organism always contains all the programs of its possible diseases. It is characteristic that in the dictionaries of the 20th cent., e.g., in the Terminological Dictionary of Medical Knowledge (1907), the Great Encyclopedic Dictionary (1991), in the Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary (1995) the definition of Health is absent.
Hierarchy of Nosologies (Systemical)* (1986) [19] (from Greek ιεραρχία – hierarchy, – is read as ierarchía, + from ιερός – sacred, mighty, – is read as ierós, + άρχή – the beginning, the power, – is read as árchí, + νοσολογία – nosology, – is read as nosología, from νοσος – disease, – is read as nosos, + λογία – speaking, expressive, – is read as logía, + σύστημα – whole, composed of parts, – is read as sýstima) – is a concept expressing the existence of a peculiar form of relations between individual diseases and groups of diseases in accordance with their belonging to this or that level of systemic organization (LSO) of the living.
Homeostasis♫ (from Ancient Greek ὅμοιος – similar, – is read as omos, + στάσις – still, stasis, – is read as stásis) – is a concept that expresses the form of actively maintaining the biodynamic characteristics of the body at an optimal level in accordance with the existing program for a certain period of time. In cybernetics, homeostasis is represented as the process of finding a consistent stable state of a multiply connected, and for a living, multilevel hierarchical system. Unlike adaptation, homeostasis should be understood from an analytical perspective in a physiological context. The idea of homeostasis was proposed by Bernard (1878), the term homeostasis suggested by Cannon (1929).
Human♫ – is the definition of the carrier of the developed consciousness. Systematic taxonomy refers modern human to the animal kingdom (Zoa, Animalia), the class of mammals (Mammalia), the primate order (Primates), the family (Hominidae), the genus (Homo), the species (Homo sapiens L. – reasonable human, from Lat. Homo – human, sapiēns – reasonable, knowledgeable and L. – Swed. Linné – named Linnaeus. According to the 10th edition of Linnei's System of Nature (1758), a child born of a human being belongs to the Homo sapiens L. taxon. However, we cannot be accepted the proposal of Stern (1911-2001), whih to recognized Linnaeus as type specimen because human is unique for its species. In addition, the human child acquires its systemic quality only after socialization in a strictly limited critical period of ontogenesis during the first 3-4 years of life. Only the social the environment ensures the formation of a developed consciousness, where each object or phenomenon has a signal abstract form, which is represented by a word, graphic symbol, phoneme, grapheme. The systemic status of a child before socialization corresponds to the fourth level of the systemic organization of a living being (IV LSO), and at this stage he is a person only in legal terms. In many languages having a neuter gender, small children are represented in this grammatical status. The word child is neuter gender in Russian, as well as in Greek (παιδί, – read paidi), in Latin – infantem, in English – child, in German – Kleinkind, in Italian – bambino etc. What is it? Understanding the essence of this word by distant ancestors or is it a linguistic oddity? The given examples seem to be evidence in favor of the sagacity of ancestors, in whose language field modern civilization has grown. The answer to the proposed question allows you to correctly solve many problems. They go beyond linguistics, because it includes moral, ethical, legal, medical, pedagogical, and other aspects. In the context of the presented material, it is clear why social deprivation is absolutely unacceptable for a person at the stage of socialization, and relatively unacceptable throughout the rest of his life. In the view of Aristotle (in Ancient Greek Αριστοτέλης) a human, which is outside society, i.e., outside the social the environment, either God or a beast. Mowgli – the protagonist of Kipling's novels The Jungle Book (1894) and The Second Jungle Book (1895) is the artistic image of such a human-beast. True, as usual, it was an anthropomorphic image. Even the model of God that the virtual component of consciousness forms is anthropomorphic, since human, according to the Gödel incompleteness theorem, does not have the necessary attributes to express a system of a higher LSO. According to the system classification of the living beings, a person represents phylogenetically the youngest and the highest level of systemic organization (V LSO) of the basic informational mechanisms of life. Only a human in the status of a socialized person is capable of reflecting himself and the environment in himself in a sign and symbolic form, as well as reflecting himself in the environment. Reflection in the environment provides the system output. The attributes of the social form of external memory allow us to fix it at the social level. We should note one more important circumstance according to which the epithet “sapiens” as applied to a person cannot be accepted. The reason for this rejection is the inconsistency of its moral potential technological capabilities. It has reached a critical level. This will result in an anthropogenic biocide that may become a reality in the foreseeable period of time. Therefore, the future of human as a species today is tragic. Accelerating divergence of the social sphere and natural sciences only contributes to this. According to the views of Rousseau (1712-1778), a human at birth is kind, free and moral, but society takes him on an immoral path. Kant (1724-1804), on the contrary, characterized human as a creature initially evil, selfish and self-serving, to whom morality and the rudiments of good can only be brought up in society. We read about the same in the Bible: “... the aspirations of the heart of a human it is evil already since infancy.” (Transl. V. Revo). Yes, and such an expert of human nature, as Dr. Chekhov in his story “The Angry Boy” (1883) wrote about the same it: “However, in this earthly life there is nothing absolutely happy. The happy usually carries poison in himself or is poisoned by something from the outside.” (Transl. V. Revo). In connection with the circumstances noted, I propose to exclude the epithet sapiens from the name of modern human and transfer it to animals of the previous phylogenetic level (IV LSO). In the designation of the taxon of modern human, I propose to include the Greek epithet ικαν – capable, – is read ikaní. For the taxon of the next stage of phylogenesis, it is desirable to use the Greek epithet ηθική – ethical, – ithikí is read (See the article Systemic Metamorphosis in the second part of the 4th edition of my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine). Here I suggest the reader to conduct a thought experiment. Suppose that we found a boy in the family of wolves, who was called Mowgli. In another place, we found the girlie also in the wolf family, which was called Mowgle. These children were placed in a specialized boarding school. For several years we tried to socialize them, but it did not work out. When they reached childbearing age, they they got married. In due time was born a child. Will it be a person belonging to the species Homo sapiens L., although both the mother and the father are beasts that do not have a developed consciousness, since they were not socialized in due time? If in the human society this cub becomes a human, then this systemic quality is immanent and is always present in the human children, and its realization requires only socialization at a certain stage of life. If the cub does not socialize, this means that the parents irretrievably lost this systemic quality.
Hydrate Shell♫ (from Greek ύδωρ – water, – is read as ýdor, + … shell) – is a term for denoting water layers, surrounding ions and polar groups of non-electrolyte molecules in aqueous solutions. The water molecules in the hydrate shell are organized into an ordered structure due to electrostatic interaction with the ionic charge or polar groups. The physicochemical features of the water of this shell differ from ordinary (bulk) water. The hydrate shell of proteins performs many functions in vivo, in particular, penetration during the formation of functional complexes with protein and non-protein ligands (Nakasako M., 2004). According to Young (Young M., 1958), the hydrate shell around each of the protein molecules is negatively charged with respect to bulk water, and this charge prevents the gluing of protein molecules and their precipitation. It is known that “Water is involved in all non-covalent interactions that stabilize the structure of proteins. However, for the functioning of proteins, in particular enzymes, hydrate water, which forms layers adjacent to the protein molecule, is primarily necessary” (Makshakova O. N. In Rus. Макшакова О. Н., 2010). The presence of hydrate water on the planet is a necessary condition for life.
Hydrate Water♫ (from Greek ύδωρ – water, – is read as ýdor, + … water), syn. Structured Water, Biowater (Mascarenhas S., 2005), EZ Water (i.e. Water of the Exclusion Zone, Zheng J. M. et al., 2006), Boundary Layer Water (Postnov S. E. In Rus. Постнов С. Е., 2008), Water in the Fourth Aggregate States, Near-wall Water or Water in the Fourth Phase State (Pollack G. H., 2013) – is the definition of a hydrated conformation layer of water up to 300 nm thick that forms in the bulk water. The structure of hydrate water, as well as liquid bulk (free) water, is largely not deciphered. For the first time, the unusual properties of near-wall water were discovered at the beginning of the 20th century. The first detailed studies were carried out (1984) at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (ЦАГИ, Russia) while studying the flow of a water-air mixture around the bodies (Postnov S. E., 2008). The physical-chemical properties of such water differ sharply from bulk (free) liquid water. Hydrate water has a higher density and viscosity, but other characteristics is a lowered: freezing point, dissolving capacity, dielectric constant, thermal diffusivity. Under special conditions, e.g., at high pressure in rocks, hydrate water is able to exhibit the properties of metals (Sharafutdinov Z. Z. In Rus. Шарафутлинов З. З., 2004). Unlike the loose, destructured layer, a densely structured layer of hydrate shell water molecules is believed to consist of water clusters, interconnected by specific hydrogen bonds, whose structure is determined by the nature of the hydrate particle. Thus, it is the hydrate material that forms the structure of water clusters. This directive structuring is necessary to realize its function. It at conformational dynamics (hydration ⇄ dehydration) provides the possibility of scanning necessary information for a given protein. The hydrate shell around each of the protein molecules is charged negatively with respect to bulk water (Young M., 1958), and their charge prevents the gluing of protein molecules and their precipitation. The presence of hydrate water is a necessary condition of life. Molecules of such water are able to form and maintain cluster structures of various configurations. This allows to receive, store and transmit information in the format of its level of systemic organization. Three properties of EZ-water indicate that it can play an important role in bioenergy. Firstly, the EZ-water is negatively charged with respect to the bulk water in contact with it (its potential reaches 150 mV), secondly, it has a peak of absorption of UV light at 270 nm, thirdly, thickness of the EZ-layer water increases when illuminated with visible light and especially when absorbing infrared radiation (Zheng J. M. et al., 2006). The need to have and maintain a negative charge for a living person was established (1918-1920) by A. Chizhevsky (in Rus. А. Л. Чижевский). I believe that bulk water is able to pass into the fourth phase state only with a sufficient level of gravity. The cells of the body are more sensitive specifically to gravity than to sunlight[4]. I believe that the parameters of the critical level of gravity necessary for the transition of bulk water to the fourth phase state could easily be simulated at various gravity values in experiments, e.g., on the ISS. 
Hypostatization♫ (from Greek υπόσταση – hypostasis, – is read as ypóstasi) – is a term denoting the endowing of any objectless concept or property by an independent existence. Valeology is one of the examples of hypostatization.
Iatrogenic Pandemic (from Greek γιατρός – doctor, – is read as giatrós, + γένος – genus, origin, – is read as gènos, + πανδημία, – is read as pandemia, from παν- – prefix in the sense of completeness, integrity, – is read as pan, + δῆμος – people, crowd, city, – is read as dímos) – is the definition of the phenomenon of an increase in the number of patients with acute and especially chronic noncommunicable diseases due to treatment prescribed by doctors. The methodological reason for this phenomenon is the use of the archaic paradigm of dealing with symptoms of the disease, unchanged since the 16th cent. The methodical reason for this phenomenon is polypragmasy, lack of professionalism, knowledge, skills, etc. Over the past two decades, the situation has become threatening. Now a new component is actively complementing the iatrogenic pandemic. These are herpes virus and HIV infections, serum hepatitis B and C, T-cell leukemia, etc., which develop according to previously unknown rules. This problem can only be solved with the help of the resources of the Future Metamedicine.
Illness♫ – is a general definition of processes in a living being, e.g., syndromes and symptom complexes, which reduce its adaptive capabilities and do not have innate programs of their own development.  Compare with Disease.
Immortality♫ – is the definition of a measure of infinite longevity. The life of an organism of any level of a system organization is always a probabilistic process, albeit a finite one. Nature has many mechanisms that control the life span of an organism. Various systemic factors block the possibility of immortality in living Nature. First of all, this is the tectological hostility of the environment and the dynamics of the trophic chain. Here three circumstances become significant. The increase in entropy, which in the process of vital activity reaches a critical level, the accumulation of probabilistic errors in the work of various programs that organize life, and the activation of programs of diseases from its own biopathotype. The launch of each of them increases the diversity in the organism, which reduces the entropy in the system. However, this decrease may be insignificant or the disruption of the work of a vital organ due to illness may be incompatible with life. Finally, an insurmountable obstacle to immortality is the universal biogenetic law. Since the life of any organism is a one-time phenomenon, any promise of immortality is nothing but slyness or ignorance. They most often perform off by duet.
Immunity♫ (from Lat. immunitas – liberation, getting rid of something), syn. Resistance – in the conventional definition – is a concept that reflects “the body's ability to protect its integrity and biological individuality” [4]. Immunity includes two mechanisms: cellular (phagocytosis) and humoral (the formation of antibodies). The author of the cellular theory of immunity is Mechnikov (in Russian И. Мечников, 1883). He also discovered the so-called protective (correctly-adaptive) role of phagocytosis. The theory of antibody formation (the theory of side chains) was created (1897-1898) by Ehrlich. The clonal selection theory of immunity was created by Sir Burnet (1957-1959), developing the theory of Ehrlich and the breeding theory of the formation of antibodies by Jerne (1955, 1974). Immunity in a holistic organism is a biodynamic interaction of an antigen and an antibody at the systemic and physiological levels. The language of an antigen, reflecting its own level of systemic organization, must be systemically complementary to the language (or languages) of the organism interacting with it. Here a positive feedback mechanism manifests itself. Today it has been definitely established that “enzymatic and antigenic activity is associated with conformational transitions in the tertiary structure of the protein” [17]. The systemic mechanism of immunity is manifested both at the antigen-protein level and complementary – on substrates that represent all levels of the systemic organization of living [29]. To date, there is no generally accepted idea of ​​the systemic content of immunity, which could be of fundamental importance for the further development of the theory and practice of this important biodynamic mechanism of life. Moreover, we have no reason to deny the existence of fundamentally different mechanisms of systemic immune responses at each level of the systemic organization of living things. So far, outstanding research and development in the field of immunity has included only the physico-chemical and physiological levels, as evidenced by the following works marked by the Nobel Prizes (in brackets, the year of award was awarded): Behring E. A., von (1901), for the introduction in the practice of serotherapy,
Mechnikov I. I. and Ehrlich P., for the study of immunity (1908),
Richet Ch., for work on anaphylaxis (1913),
Bordet J., for studying the mechanism of serological reactions (1919),
Burnet F., Sir and Medawar P. B., for the discovery of acquired immunological tolerance (1960),
Edelman G., for discovery of the chemical structure of antibodies (1972),
Yalow R., for developing a radioimmune study of brain peptides (1977),
Benacerraf B., Dausset J. and Snell G., for the discovery on the cell surface of genetically determined structures regulating immunological reactions (1980),
Jerne N. K., Köhler G. and Milstein C., for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies (1984),
Tonegawa S., for the discovery of the genetic principle of the formation of polymorphic antibodies (1987),
Doherty P. and Zinkernagel R. M., for the discovery of the specificity of the cell-mediated antibodies, mediated immunological defense (1996).
The mechanism of cellular and humoral immunity as applied to the living reflects the general principle of relations in Nature, namely, the principle of complementarity. The chronology of the development of the mechanism of immunity was follows. First, prokaryotes appeared, at the level of which phagocytosis was first manifested in the cellular mechanism of immunity. This happened in the period ≈ 2.6-1.6 billion years ago. This is an estimate according to a linear continuous time scale. Then multicellular organisms appeared, the cellular differentiation of which led to the formation of immunocompetent cells providing the humoral mechanism of immunity. This happened in the period ≈ 1.6-1.0 billion years ago. This is an estimate according to a linear continuous time scale. At the first stage of the development of the mechanism of immunity, the apparatus of systemic input of the living beings showed a great protoimmune activity. (See fig. 3. Systemic Model of Human in my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.). The apparatus of systemic output was less active. This provided greater tectological security. With the appearance of humoral immunity, the activity of the elements of the systemic output in organisms sharply increases. This is especially noticeable in autoimmune processes. Thus, the organisms that appeared in the second stage of the phylogenesis of the living things had both mechanisms of immunity, the activity of which was provided by the apparatus of the first and second levels of the systemic organization of the living (I LSO and II LSO). Therefore, it is possible to manage cellular immunity at the phenomenological level from the I LSO, and humoral – from the II LSO. At the system level, cellular immunity can be controlled from apparatus of the II LSO, and humoral – from apparatus of the III LSO. These opportunities should stimulate the development of clinical thought. This should take into account the fact that the development of the mechanism of immunity repeats the chronology of the appearance of initially corpuscular elements. The wave form of these element appeared later [33].
Information♫ (from Lat. informatio – explanation, presentation) – is a concept that manifests in an abstract form any heterogeneity in the system, objectively representing the content; in the practice of relations in the material sphere, information is subjective, representing the measure of the heterogeneity of the relations of being, which is expressed through meaning. Thus, the dualism of information manifests itself epistemologically. The concept of “information” was introduced into scientific circulation by Fisher R. A. (1921). The following vocabulary definitions of information are offered: “information about the surrounding world and the processes occurring in it, perceived by a person or special devices” [16], as well as “1) the collection of any information, knowledge of something; 2) information that is the object of storage, transfer and processing; 3) a set of quantitative data expressed by means of numbers or curves, graphs and used in the collection and processing of any information; 4) information, signals about the surrounding world, which are perceived by organisms in the process of vital activity; 5) in genetics – a set of chemically coded signals transmitted from one living object to another (from parents to offspring) or from one cell, tissue, organ to another in the process of development of the individual; 6) in mathematics and cybernetics – a quantitative measure of elimination of entropy (uncertainty), a measure of the organization of the system; 7) in philosophy – the property of material objects and processes to preserve and generate a certain state, which in different real-energy forms can be transferred from one object to another; degree, measure of the organization of an object (system). <...> There is no physical interpretation of the information at all ... “[13]. The complexity of accurately determining information reflects the methodological uncertainty of the concept of the amount of information. This was pointed out by A. N. Kolmogorov (in Rus. Колмогоров А. Н.) [14], considering three approaches to its definition: combinatorial, probabilistic, and algorithmic. The amount of information is usually expressed in bits. It is believed [41] that the average information capacity of the human brain is 107 bits, the information society as a whole is 1025 bits. Such calculations are not correct, because they do not reflect the systemic hierarchical structure of the living, whose elements have different dimensions. This circumstance does not allow obtaining the final sum by simple arithmetic addition. For example, even in the structure of the chromosome there are elements of different dimensions: the genetic level of the systemic organization corresponds to DNA, and the proteomic level – telomers and histones. For the first time he used a quantitative measure of information Szilard (1929), he also drew attention to the connection between it and negative entropy. This circumstance must be taken into account in clinical practice. See Disease.
Information Absorption* (2013) (information … + from Lat. prefix ab- gives the value of separation, negation, sorbeo – swallow, absorb, suck) – is a term denoting the process of the maximum possible increase in the efficiency of the process of mastering educational material, the formation of new knowledge of the student. This is ensured by the systemic integration-ingression organization of the training system.
Information Adsorption* (2013) (information … + from Lat. prefix ad- – attaches the value of addition, joining, + sorbere – swallow, absorb, suck) – is a term denoting the process of partial or superficial study of educational material due to the lack of the necessary level of systematization of it.
Instant♫ – is a term denoting the absence of an interval between momentums of time. Any phase transition of the first kind, e.g., the emergence of the next stage of the systemic metamorphosis, is an instantaneous process. An instantaneous process, by definition, cannot have transitional forms.
Integration-ingression System of the Organization of Training* (2011) [36] (from Lat. integratio – restoration, replenishment, ingressio – entry) – is the definition of a system-complementary technology of deductive pedagogy for the logical and semantic connection of subjects and topics at all stages of the learning process. The beginning of the presentation of the new teaching material in the next lesson should be a logical and semantic bridge from the previous topic to the topic of another academic discipline. This technology does not cause turbulence in the limbic system. It provides the best assimilation of educational material and prevents the development of neurosis in students. This is the main difference from the generally accepted practice of organizing the educational process.
Internal External Environment♫. See Environmentology.
Inter-system Pathomimicry* (2003) [31] (prefix inter-, + from Greek σύστημα – whole, composed of parts, – is read as sýstima, + πάθος – suffering, passion, – is read as páthos, + μιμητικός – imitative, – is read as mimitikós) – is a concept representing the phenomenological identity of the etiopathogenesis of diseases with different basic systemic mechanisms of the living. For example, tuberculosis is two diseases of different systemic origin. A chronic infectious disease from the group of genoses is the most severe form. Another form of the disease is neurosis. An infectious agent manifests itself in this form only as a subsystemic component. Medicine today does not take into account the need for a different approach to each of these forms.
Intra-system Pathomimicry* (2003) [31] (prefix intra-, + from Greek σύστημα – whole, composed of parts, – is read as sýstima, + πάθος – suffering, passion, – is read as páthos, + μιμητικός – imitative, – is read as mimitikós) – is a concept that expresses the phenomenological dominance of the etiopathogenesis of the disease, which has a phylogenetically preceding basic systemic mechanism. For example, signs of proteoses, representing the proteomic level of systemic organization (I LSO), appear in the genoses, i.e., at a phylogenetic higher level of systemic organization. The phenomenology of the subsystemic element dominates in this particular case in the environment of the base mechanism of the LSO, suppressing it. An example is Alzheimer's disease, in which a prion (this is I LSO), as a systemic etiopathognomonic element of proteosis, forms a semiotic pattern of encephalosis (this is IV LSO).
Invasive♫ (from Lat. prefix in- – inside, + vadere – go, walk) – is the definition of a process that violates the integrity of the structure of the integumentary tissues of an organism or organ. Any injection or surgery is an invasive process. The germination of a cancer in neighboring organs and tissues is also an invasive process. Non-invasive procedures do not violate the integrity of body tissues. For example, hormonal preparations can be administered by injection, but can be administered non-invasively, e.g., using an ointment.
Irritability♫ – is a concept expressing the ability of organisms of any level of systemic organization to change their functional state when exposed to stimuli from both their own internal structures and from the external the environment. Irritability is phylogenetically the oldest and simplest form of reflection.
Knowledge♫ – is the definition of the produce of the reflection of the relations of being in the thinking of a particular person. Knowledge and cognition are a systemic whole. Knowledge cannot be obtained and cannot be transferred to another person. Only information is available for receiving and transmitting. Knowledge is immanent, it is formed by the consciousness of a person from his own experience and information received. A high level of systematization of the information received, wide and deep erudition help the consciousness to transform it into knowledge. The material of both parts of this publication contributes to this process, since it is a ready-made semi-finished product of knowledge. According to Shannon, the measure of the uncertainty of knowledge about something is entropy, and the means of increasing knowledge is the message [60]. Some forms and elements of reality have a transcendent essence, because they are incomprehensible for exhaustive consistent formalization due to extreme system complexity and uncertainty, the absence of the necessary conceptual apparatus and language. The latter circumstance is decisive according to the second theorem on the incompleteness and consistency of the formal systems of Gödel. Gradual comprehension of complex systems with a high level of uncertainty is possible, but this process is infinite. Compare with Cognition.
Latent♫ (from Lat. latentis – hidden, concealment, outwardly not manifested) – is the definition of the form of the relationship, which has no visible manifestations.
Law of conservation of parity for complex systems* – is one of the fundamental laws of Nature. The concept of parity is one of the main characteristics of the wave function, which can be considered as applicable to the system structure of living organisms. For more details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
Levels of Systemic Organization of the Basic Information Mechanisms of Living Beings (LSO)* (1986) [18] – is a concept expressing a relation in the hierarchy of basic attribute elements of a complex system. Each level of the systemic organization of the living (LSO) corresponds to its basic mechanism of biological memory, which arose at the appropriate stage of the systemic metamorphosis of the living. Organisms of each phylogenetically subsequent level of systemic organization retain in their system structure all systemic elements of the phylogenetically preceding LSO. They are subsystems of a lower rank and order. Revo defined (1986) five phylogenetic stages, respectively – five LSO. Each of them is denoted by Roman numerals, from I LSO – this is phylogenetically the most ancient form of the systemic organization of life up to V LSO, which is represented by human (Homo sapiens L.) – phylogenetically the last acquisition of life. Estimation of the moment of appearance of the basic information mechanism of the living (LSO) is conditional, since today a continuous linear time scale is adopted, while each phylogenetic stage has its own temporal metric. Since these dimensions are not known today, it is impossible to relate them to a linear time scale. However, there is no doubt that life ahead awaits the second metaphase of the systemic metamorphosis with its temporal metrics. It will bring new living forms and new diseases [28]. For details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
I LSO* – is the designation of the first level of the systemic organization of information mechanisms of living beings. This is one of the five types of biological memory. Phylogenetically, it is the oldest form of systemic organization of life, which appeared about 3.5–3.8 billion years ago. This estimate is given according to a linear continuous time scale. The basic mechanism of this LSO is a protein molecule in spontaneous reversible ultrahigh-frequency (10-11-10-13 s) conformational dynamics (hydration ⇄ dehydration, abbreviated name – SRUFCD). The frequency of this process corresponds to the frequency of natural vibrations of an individual water molecule near the equilibrium position. Water, which forms the hydration shell of protein molecules, determines their electret state, generating an external electric field (Maskarenhas S., 1975). Living beings of all levels of system organization have this mechanism. It is the most common system of biological memory in living beings. The basic mechanism of SRUFCD determines the phenomenology of many processes in systems of all phylogenetically subsequent levels of organization. The first living creatures had a powerful negative charge of the hydrate shell due to a larger stock of electrons [48]. Chizhevsky in his studies (in Rus. Чижевский А. Л., 1918–1920) established that the preservation of a negative charge is a fundamental attribute of life [44]. It provides energy to the vital activity of primary pre-cellular life forms, e.g., supporting the nonequilibrium structure of the molecular forms of the first living creatures. It prevents the adhesion of protein molecules and their deposition. It also creates its own electromagnetic field. This circumstance and the SRUFCD mechanism provide scanning of the medium and the role of the ingressor in the process of receiving and transmitting systemically complementary information. A special place among the primary life was occupied by prion-like forms. Only such forms could survive in extreme environmental conditions at high values ​​of ultraviolet insolation and radiation, temperature and atmospheric pressure. The ability of prions to informational catalysis, resistance to denaturing agents and proteolytic enzymes also gave them decisive competitive advantages. See Systemic Metamorphosis.
II LSO* – is the designation of the second level of the systemic organization of information mechanisms of living beings. He appeared about 1.65 billion years ago. This estimate is given according to a linear continuous time scale. This LSO is represented in the living beings of all levels of organization, starting with those who have received the genofor – the simplest genetic apparatus in various conformations. By the number of different forms and ranks, this is the second most common form of biological memory of the living beings. Unicellular and multicellular algae, plants, protozoa, fungi correspond to this LSO. The genetic apparatus, as the basic information mechanism of this LSO, determines the phenomenology of many processes in the organisms of this and all phylogenetically subsequent levels of systemic organization. See Systemic Metamorphosis.
III LSO* – is the designation of the third level of the systemic organization of information mechanisms of living beings. The basic mechanism of this LSO appeared about 650 million years ago. Such an estimate is given according to a linear continuous time scale. III LSO is represented at all levels of systemic organization, starting from the first living beings that have in their structure one nerve cell or a set of nerve cells (in the form of a network, nodes). This is the pre-cephalic level of the systemic organization of the living. In this LSO represented coelenterates, mollusks (except squid and octopus), insects, worms, arthropods, amphibians, reptiles, birds (except ravens), fish, lower mammals, etc. The basic mechanism of the III LSO determines the phenomenology of living organisms of this and phylogenetically subsequent levels of systemic organization. See Systemic Metamorphosis.
IV LSO* – is the designation of the fourth level of the systemic organization of basic information mechanisms of the living. He appeared about 200 million years ago. This estimate is given according to a linear continuous time scale. The basic systemic mechanism of living organisms of this LSO is a developed brain. In this LSO are presented: some higher primates (chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans), some rodents (gray and black rats), some cephalopods (squids and octopuses), some ravens (raven, daw, crow), some canines (wolves), some cetaceans (dolphins). The basic systemic mechanism of this LSO determines the phenomenology of many processes of this and phylogenetically the next level of systemic organization. See Systemic Metamorphosis.
V LSO* – is the designation of the fifth level of the systemic organization of informational mechanisms of life. This phylogenetically is the youngest type of biological memory, which appeared 30-40 thousand – 1-3 million years ago. This estimate is given according to a linear continuous time scale. In addition to the basic mechanisms of the previous levels of systemic organization, a developed consciousness appeared on this LSO, providing a systemic synthesis of the developed brain and the social form of external memory. Only one species – Homo sapiens L. we refer to V LSO. See fig. 3. Systemic Model of Human in the second part of my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. In his last publication, V. I. Vernadsky (in Rus. Вернадский В. И.) determined the appearance of the so-called modern type of human no later than 10-20 million years ago. V LSOv* (virtual component of consciousness) – is the designation of the virtual component of the developed consciousness. This systemic mechanism is a chimera, since in the systemic structure of consciousness it simultaneously performs the function of its virtual boundary. This is a kind of pseudo-consciousness level. In the systemic structure of a developed consciousness, it carries out control and regulatory functions, including ensuring the fundamental impossibility of any transformations of its basic system information mechanism and allows a person to develop only in the adaptation mode. See fig. 3. Systemic Model of Human in the second part of my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine.
Life♫ – is the definition of the form of relations of nonequilibrium systems of different dimensions and different temporal metrics, accompanied by active exchange within systems and systems with the external the environment through material, energy and information flows in accordance with the innate program, conditioned by systemic metamorphosis, which ensures self-reproduction and actively preserves entropy in a safe level.
Matter♫ (from Lat. materia – matter, substance) – is a category, represents of the substrate of the relationship of being, which is characterized by a mass of rest. Matter – is a product of time. Atoms of any chemical element form simple substances; atoms of several chemical elements form complex substances (syn. Chemical compounds). The substance can be live or inert in systemically. Inert substance is originally inanimate matter. The concept of “living matter”, as “the totality of all organisms, vegetation and animals, including humans,” introduced Vernadsky (in Rus. Вернадский, 1916-1919).
Measure♫ – is the definition of the quantitative form of relations in accordance with the accepted standard.
Medical Error♫, syn. Doctor's error – is the definition of the doctor’s actions that did not comply with the currently accepted model of strategy and tactics, which caused an unintended deterioration of the condition or death of the patient. Any definition of medical error is always subjective, since both the doctor and the patient are a system with fuzzy properties and an extremely high level of uncertainty. In addition, the formulary principle of the doctor’s work and the phenomenological content of modern medicine cannot reduce this uncertainty.
Medicine♫ (from Lat. medicus – medical) – is the definition of the sphere of social practice designed to develop and improve the cognitive base and introduce effective technologies for disease management in practice. Medicine in the modern definition is a “field of science and practice aimed at preserving and strengthening people's health, prevention and treatment of illnesses” [6]. This wording is incorrect. First, the term health is conditional. It has no content. Secondly, only illnesses are mentioned in it, but not diseases. Thirdly, modern medicine does not take into account the programmatic nature of diseases; therefore, it is not capable of providing any type of prophylaxis or pathogenetic treatment. Dictionaries of XX cent., as a rule, do not present the term health. Medicine continues to struggle against disease but does not attempt to management the programs of these phenomena of Nature. Therefore, it is only able to temporarily compensate for those gross anatomical or functional lesions of patients' organs that fill hospitals [1]. This assessment has been more than 80 years. Future metamedicine already today can correct this situation.
Metamorphosis♫ (from Greek μεταμόρφωσις – transformation, – is read as metamórphōsis, from μετα- – prefix in the meaning post, after-, through-, – is read as meta, + μορφή – form, figure, – is read as morfí, + suffix -ως, – is read as os, usually used with the ending -ις, – is read as is, here -ωςις denotes a state or formation of something, – is read as ōsis) – is a concept expressing the adaptive mechanism of transformation of the structure of an organism of most groups of invertebrates and some vertebrate animals, during which the larva turns into an adult. The doctrine of metamorphosis was formulated (1790) by von Goethe. This process is regulated by hormones. This is due to a sharp change in the animal's lifestyle in phylogenesis, e.g., the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life. The transition of marine organisms to life in fresh water and on land caused the loss of larval stages of development. Metamorphosis in plants is associated with a change in the functions or conditions of functioning that they perform, which causes changes in the basic organs in ontogenesis. For example, a true metamorphosis with the transformation of one organ into another with a change in form and function can be observed in many herbaceous plants, when for an unfavorable period the aerial shoot gradually turns into a rhizome, bulb, corms. Metamorphosis is fundamentally different from ontogenesis.  The main difference is that metamorphosis is not accompanied by the emergence of new basic mechanisms of other levels of systemic organization of the living. Thus, Goethe associate’s metamorphosis only with morphological changes. The sudden appearance at the next stage of phylogenesis of a new basic information mechanism has a stochastic character and characterizes a systemic metamorphosis. In philosophy and synergetic, metamorphosis is a concept that expresses the transition of the state of an object or phenomenon to its opposite. For example, in Goethe:      
“Part of the strength of that without the number
Do good, all wishing evil” [8].
Hegel put it this way: “...as it follows from common experience, at its highest point every state or action passes into its opposite; this dialectic finds its recognition <...> It is known that extreme sadness and extreme joy pass into each other; a heart overflowing with joy relieves itself with tears, and the deepest sorrow sometimes manifests itself with a smile” [7].
Metascience♫ (from Greek. μετα- – prefix in the meaning of after-, through-, – is read as meta, + ... science) – is the definition of an interdisciplinary science base within the framework of the development of the paradigm.
Mimicry Antigenic (mimicry – imitation, masking from Greek μιμητικός – imitative, – is read as mimitikós, + ἀντι- – prefix, denotes the opposite, directed against something, – is read as anti, + γένος – genus, origin, – is read as gènos) – is a concept denoting a condition that manifests “... the presence of similar structures in the host and parasite represented by molecules of different genetic origin” [42].
Morality♫ (from Lat. moralis – moral) – is the definition of the form of representations in the consciousness of one of the main mechanisms for regulating relations between people. It works in accordance with the rules and norms for evaluating individual behavior established by a person or society by complying with the concepts of the ideals of good, evil, justice and due. In the first case, an autonomous morality works, in the second – a heterogeneous morality. Both forms of morality have many isomers. Morality is a systemic attribute of society. According to Hegel (1807), morality is an attribute of humanity, and ethic represents corporate quality[5]. (Compare with Ethic, see Creative Humility).
Multi-causality (prefix multi- + Lat. causa – reason) – is the definition of the multiplicity of causal factors causing the phenomenon. For example, today cancer is presented as a multi-causal process, whereas its cause is one – activation of the phylogenetically determined innate program of this disease in a given person. It is activated according to its biopathotype at a certain age or earlier due to external influences, e.g., when exposed to carcinogenic factors. Since the cancers program remains in the phylogenetic memory of the body even after the so-called radical removal of the tumor, it can again be activated, causing malignant transformation of cells in the same or another organ. Future Metamedicine can solve this problem.
Natural Philosophy♫ (from Lat. Natura – Nature, + philéo – love, + sophía – wisdom) – is the definition of the speculative interpretation of Nature in its integrity. The ontological basis of natural philosophy is observational sensual reflection. It feeds the growing atomization of the natural sciences, especially the humanitarian sphere. Gödel showed that a person cannot create a language and conceptual apparatus capable of completely formalizing the basic elements of being. Natural science has given natural philosophy the right to exist and the space for development. It makes a person seek a balance between them.
Negentropy (from Lat. negātīvus – negative, + from Greek έντροπία – turn, transformation, – is read as éntropia) – a term denoting negative entropy. The main negentropic effect in thermodynamic processes is provided by the scattering of energy received from the Sun, which degrades in the process of life. Living beings are information systems. The information that they receive in the process of life provides a negentropic effect. There is a direct relationship between the level of systematization of information and negentropy. The quantitative indicator of information coincides with negative entropy. The coordinated behavior of subsystems in open systems, e.g., in living beings, also reduces the entropy and increases the degree of orderliness of the system, its self-organization. This is ensured by material, energy and information flows in a non-equilibrium the environment. Thus, in order to reduce the entropy of a living system, i.e., to provide a negentropic effect, a living being uses all three streams of being. Material flows provide metabolism with the subsequent disposal of the end products of metabolism. Energy flows provide highly organized energy of pyrophosphate bonds with subsequent dissipating of degraded energy. Information flows provide information communication between the internal structures of the body, as well as the organism and the environment. The rational organization of these streams is the main condition for supporting homeostasis at all levels of the organization of life.
Neurodynamics♫ (from Greek νεύρο – nerve, – is read as névro, + δυναμικός (fem. g. δυναμική) – powerful, strong, – is read as dynamikós) – is the definition of a discipline that studies structure, phenomenology, the organization of systemic mechanisms and the management of third-level living systems of systemic organization (see III LSO). The subject area of neurodynamics is hierarchical systems of proteomic, genetic, and neural (pre-cephalic) levels of systemic organization (LSO) in phylogenetically younger living systems (III, IV, and V LSO), where they represented as different orders subsystems. Neurodynamics uses the general scientific axiomatic and deductive method. The neurodynamics tool represents protedynamics, genodynamics, neurodynamics, biodynamics, systems engineering. The language of neurodynamics is the languages of systems engineering, protedynamics, genodynamics, neurodynamics and psychodynamics. Each of them is a subsystem of biodynamics of the corresponding order. The conceptual apparatus of neurodynamics represents a terminological thesaurus of material and abstract systems ranging from informatics and non-equilibrium thermodynamics to protedynamics, genodynamics, neurodynamics and psychodynamics. The need to use psychodynamic resources due to the requirements of the second theorem of Gödel on incompleteness.
Neurom* (2019) (from Greek νευρών – nerve, – is read as nevrón, + σώμα – body, – is read as sóma) – the definition of the entire set of neurons of a living organism. An adult's body contains about one hundred billion different types of neurons.
Neuromics* (2019) – is the definition of a branch of biology designed to study various types of neurons and their functions in the body. She should also study the systemic aspects of relationships with other basic systemic elements of the body. It solves both research and applied problems.
Neuromorphoses* (2019) – is the definition of a special group of neuropathies arising from a specific effect on the nervous apparatus of the nerve networks and ganglia outside the systemic structures of the developed brain. For more details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II. 
Neuron (from Ger. Neuron from Greek νεῦρον – fiber, nerve, – is read as nevron) – a concept that represents the basic functional unit of the nervous system in the form of a specialized cell with branches. This concept was introduced into scientific circulation by H. Waldeyer (1891). 
Neuropathotype* (2002) [29] (from Greek νευρών – nerve, – is read as nevrón, + from Greek πάθος – suffering, passion,– is read as páthos from πάσχω – suffer, endure, – is read as páscho, + τύπος – type, imprint, shape, figure, – is read as týpos) – definition of a biopathotype, whose disease programs reflect the basic mechanism of the third level of the systemic organization of living beings (III LSO) and are part of the neuroses system. See Systemic Binary Classification of Diseases.
Neuropathy♫ – is the definition of a group of syndromes, the leading symptom complex of which manifests itself in impaired function of the nerve structures at the third and / or fourth level of the systemic organization (III and IV LSO) of the basic information mechanism living things. For details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
Neuroses♫ – is the definition of diseases whose programs arose at the third stage of phylogenesis, when animals first acquired the nervous apparatus. For details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
Neurotype♫ (from Greek νευρών – nerve, – is read as nevrón, + τύπος – type, imprint, shape, figure, – is read as týpos) – is a definition of the type of living organisms of the pre-cephalic stage of phylogenesis, in the systemic structure of which a neuron or network of neurons first appeared. His phylogenetic memory includes the memory of the previous stages of systemic metamorphosis. Intra-system neurotype is presented at the level of subsystems in the structure of living beings phylogenetically subsequent levels of systemic organization.
Nosena* (2018) (from Greek νοσος – disease, – is read as nosos, + ένα – one, – is read as éna) – is a term denoting any nosological form as an object of fractional topological dimension, which is a subsystemic element of the systemosis or biopathotype and included in these groups. Nosena – is a subject of study of clinical pathobiology.
Nosological Form. See Disease.
Nosology♫ (from Greek νοσολογία – nosology, – is read as nosología, from νοσος – disease, – is read as nosos, + λογία – study of, – is read as logía) – 1) is the term denoting the doctrine of “diseases and their classification” [45]. 2) Nosology is a synecdoche of the term “Nosological Form” (syn. Nosological Unit) – “a specific disease, isolated on the basis of an established etiology and pathogenesis and / or a characteristic clinical and morphological picture; single nomenclature and classification of diseases” [46]. The term nosological form in this presentation is incorrect, since it does not reflect the systemic content of a specific disease as which present natural program process.
Pain♫ – is a term denoting a special psychophysical reaction of the body that occurs during stimulation of nociceptive receptors. The pain is accompanied by a complex set of humoral and neurodynamic phenomena. Mental pain, e.g., nostalgia, has a different, psychophysical nature. Ideas about the subjective expression of pain in animals are poorly developed, especially for phylogenetically ancient organisms. In special psychophysical conditions, e.g., in a state of trance or hypnosis, the sensation of pain can be turned off.
Paleopathology♫ (from Greek παλαιός – ancient, – is read as palaiós, + πάθος – suffering, passion, – is read as páthos, + λόγος – word, mind, teaching, – reads like lógos) – definition of a discipline intended to study of diseases in living organisms at the stages of life development on Earth, i.e., in human phylogenetic precursors [29]. A special section of paleopathology should study the etiopathogenetic features of diseases in accordance with the levels of systemic organization of the models used. Thus, proteoses should be studied on models of living proteins, e.g., at the prions,  genoses – on models of living organisms who acquired the genetic apparatus, neuroses – on models of living organisms who acquired a nervous apparatus at the precephalic level, encephaloses  – on models of living organisms who acquired a developed brain, but phrenoses – only on the accessible clinical material, since it is unacceptable to use a person as an object for experiments for many reasons. Social phenomena can be studied only at the phenomenological level or as stochastic phenomena, since their causal mechanisms are transcendental in nature.
Paradigm♫ (from Greek παράδειγμα – an example in the sense of instructive, – is read as parádeigma) – is a term denoting the initial concept of a scientific explanation of the system of basic ideas about the organization of relations in the material world, adopted by the scientific community. For example, the modern paradigm postulates the primacy of matter, the secondary – of consciousness. This term introduced into the philosophy of science by T. Kuhn (1962). The paradigm, along with the conceptual apparatus and the terminological thesaurus, is a necessary component of the cognitive and creative resource of the human semiosphere. The medicine paradigm has not changed since the time of Aristotle (in Ancient Greek Αριστοτέλης) and Paracelsus. Aristotle pointed only to the external cause of any adverse events, while Paracelsus believed that a disease is a weed that needs to be pulled out of the patient. The system information paradigm (Revo V. V., 1986-2018) brings medicine to a new level. See Metamedicine.
Pathobiology♫ (from Greek παθος – suffering, passion, – is read as pathos, + βίος – life, part of complex words, which means belonging to the living, – is read as bios, + λόγος – word, mind, doctrine, – is read as lógos) – definition of a biology section that studies the biological aspects of the manifestation of pathological processes in living organisms. The term was proposed by N. A. Ilyin (1936). The subject field of pathobiology includes a biopathotype, syntropic clusters of diseases, systemoses, phenopathotype, phenotype, etc. 
Pathogen♫ (from Greek. πάθος – suffering, passion, – is read as páthos, + γενέζις – birth, lineage, – is read as genézis), syn. Causative Agent – is the definition of the motivating factor of a random or regular, usually programmatically organized process in an inert or living system. The status of the infectious disease pathogen is assigned to a microorganism that meets the requirements of the Koch Triad (Koch R., 1878). This triad (syn. Koch Postulates, Koch-Pasteur Postulates, Koch-Genle Postulates) requires: a) it is this microorganism that is found in all cases with this disease, but it is not found with other diseases or in healthy ones; b) this microorganism must be isolated in pure culture from this particular patient; c) a pure culture of the isolated microorganism should cause this disease in the experiment. So, the type of mycobacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. t.), discovered (1882) by Koch, was uniquely identified as the causative agent of tuberculosis. Today one should not be so categorical in relation to this microorganism, since there is every reason to distinguish two systemically different forms of this disease. Tuberculosis as genosis is the most aggressive and least numerous of these forms, in which M. t. is the main system-forming factor. Another form of tuberculosis is neurosis, in which M. t. manifests itself as a secondary factor. It is only a regular subsystemic element of the first order in the systemic structure of the neurotic form of tuberculosis. Although for both forms of tuberculosis, the Koch triad conditions are fulfilled, the basic mechanism for them is different, which must be taken into account when organizing prevention and treatment. These circumstances do not take into account today. The spread of tuberculosis in recent decades has reached the scale of a pandemic.
Pathogenesis♫ (from Greek. πάθος – suffering, passion, – is read as páthos, + γενέζις – birth, origin, – is read as genézis) – is a term denoting: 1) the doctrine of the general and basic signs and patterns of the development of diseases and painful conditions of a person, e.g., systemoses, syndromes, systemopathies, etc.); 2) the mechanism of development of any disease state: systemosis, syndrome, systemopathy, etc.
Pathognomonic (from Greek. πάθος – suffering, passion, – is read as páthos, + γνώμων – pointer, standard, wand of a sundial, – is read as gnómon) – is a definition of the most characteristic specific sign of a particular disease or sickness condition.
Pathognomonic Symptom (from Greek πάθος – suffering, passion, – is read as páthos, + from Ancient Greek γνώμων – pointer, standard, wand of a sundial, – is read as gnómon, + from Greek σύμπτωμα – symptom, – is read as sýmptōma) is the definition of a unique symptom specific to a particular disease. 
Pathological Ecology (Pathoecology)* (V.V. Revo, 1989) – is the definition of the field of study of sanitary-hygienic features and systemic relations in anthropogenically modified natural environment. Today we have the opportunity to use two strategies to reduce the adverse effects of pathoecological conditions on the body. It is known that many products used as food for chickens, pigs, cows, etc., sometimes contain dioxin, which has not only poisonous, but also strong carcinogenic properties. The problem is not solved rationally. Animals are either killed, in whose meat dioxin was found, or the technology of feeding animals is changed. A rational strategy involves the use of technologies that reduce the toxic effects of dioxin on the human body and increase resistance to it. A rational strategy involves the use of technologies that reduce the toxic effect of dioxin in the body and increase resistance to it. Today, non-rational technology dominates.
Pathology♫ (from Greek. πάθος – suffering, passion, – is read as páthos, + λόγος – word, mind, teaching, – is read as lógos) – is a term denoting any change in the state of an organism due to a violation of its anatomical structure or function.
Pathy♫ (from Ancient Greek πάθος – suffering, passion, – is read as páthos from πάσχω – suffer, endure, – is read as páscho) – is the suffix, the use of which together with the name of the corresponding basic systemic element (protein, gene, etc.) indicates the manifestation of a stable disease state of a living one or another level of systemic organization, but this is not a specific nosological form, e.g., genopathy, encephalopathy.
Patient♫ (from Lat. patiens – patient, from pati – suffer, endure) – is the definition of a person, who is provided with professional medical help. “Patience – médecine des pauvres”, said Nikolai Platonych, the hero of the I. A. Bunin (in Rus. Бунин И. А.) story “In Paris” (1940). “Very sad médecine”, agreed Olga Aleksandrovna, the heroine. 
Personal Medical Certificate♫ (1991) [24] (from Lat. personalem – personal, + medical, + from French sertificat, from Lat. certus – true, firmly established, accurate) – is a term denoting a systemic medical document in which all the illnesses of this person and the prognosis of new diseases are noted, as well as individual step-by-step therapeutic, preventive and wellness programs for him. At first Revo suggested (1991) to call this document Health Certificate. However, this term Revo soon disavowed (from the French desavouer – in this context it denies the previous definition or interpretation of something) because of the conventional nature of the concept “health”, which has no content.
Phenoencephalotype* (2001) [29] (from Greek φάίνω – show, present, – is read as pháinō, + εγκέφαλος – brain, – is read as enkéfalos, + τύπος – type, imprint, shape, pattern, – is read as týpos) – is the definition of an encephalotype formed under environmental conditions.
Phenogenotype♫ (from Greek φάίνω – show, present, – is read as pháinō, + γένος – genus, origin, – is read as gènos, + τύπος – type, imprint, shape, pattern, – is read as týpos) – is the definition of a genotype formed under environmental conditions.
Phenoneurotype* (2001) [29] (from Greek φάίνω – show, present, – is read as pháinō, + νευρών – neuron, – is read as nevrón, + τύπος – type, imprint, shape, pattern, – is read as týpos) – is the definition of a neurotype formed under environmental conditions.
Phenopathotype* (2001) [29] (from Greek φάίνω – show, present, – is read as pháinō, + παθος – suffering, passion, – is read as pathos, + τύπος – type, imprint, shape, pattern, – is read as týpos) – is the definition of the totality of chronic diseases of the human biopathotype, manifested in environmental conditions.
Phenophrenotype* (2001) [29] (from Greek φάίνω – show, present, – isread as pháinō, + φρήν – mind, intellect, – is read as frín, + τύπος – type, imprint, shape, pattern, – is read as týpos) – syn. Phenopsychotype – is the definition of a phrenotype formed in environmental conditions.
Phenoprotetype* (2001) [29] (from Greek φάίνω – show, present, – is read as pháinō, + protein from Greek πρώτος – first, most important, – is read as prótos, + τύπος – type, imprint, shape, pattern, – is read as týpos) – is the definition of a protetype formed under environmental conditions.
Phenopsychotype. See Phenophrenotype. 
Phenosociotype* (2001) [29] (from Greek φάίνω – show, present, – is read as pháinō, + from Lat. societās – community, association, + from Greek tύπος – type, imprint, shape, pattern, – is read as týpos) – is the definition of a sociotype formed in environmental conditions.
Phenotype♫ (from Greek φάίνω – show, present, – is read as pháinō, + τύπος – type, imprint, shape, pattern, – is read as týpos) – is the definition of basic system signs of living realized in the environment. The concept of phenotype introduced (1909) Johannsen [50].
Phrenodynamics* (from Greek φρήν – mind, reason, – is read as frín, + δυναμικός (f. δυναμική) – strong, powerful, – is read as dynamikós), syn. Psychodynamics – is the definition of a discipline that studies phenomenology, structure, basic systemic mechanisms of organizing and managing dynamic multi-rank hierarchical living systems that have a developed consciousness. The subject area of phrenodynamics is represented by complex hierarchical systems of all levels of system organization [30, 35]. The phrenodynamics method is a general scientific axiomatic and deductive. The tool of phrenodynamics is represented by psychology, biodynamics, systems engineering. The language of phrenodynamics is the language of system engineering, protedynamics, genodynamics, neurodynamics and sociodynamics. The conceptual apparatus of phrenodynamics is a terminological thesaurus of material and abstract systems from computer science and nonequilibrium thermodynamics to protedynamics, genodynamics, neurodynamics and sociodynamics. The need to use the resources of sociodynamics is due to the requirements of Gödel's second theorem on incompleteness (1931).  
Phrenomorphoses – is the definition of a special group of phrenopathies that occur in individuals with deviant effects on the systemic structure of developed consciousness. For more details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II. 
Phrenopathies♫ – is definition of a group of syndromes, the leading symptom complex of which is the manifestation of disorders at the level of structures and functional systems of the body, which represent the fifth level of the systemic organization of the living (V LSO). Phrenopathies differ from phrenoses in the absence of signs of the development of programs of pathognomonic changes in the basic mechanisms in V LSO, which are characteristic of diseases of this level of systemic organization. For details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
Phrenopathotype* (2001) [29] (from Greek φρήν – mind, intellect, – is read as frín, + from Greek πάθος – suffering, passion, – is read as páthos, + from Greek τύπος – type, imprint, shape, pattern, – is read as týpos) – is the definition of a biopathotype, whose disease programs reflect the basic mechanism of the fifth level of the systemic organization of living beings (V LSO) and are part of the phrenoses system. See Systemic Binary Classification of Diseases.
Phrenoses♫ – is the definition of diseases, the programs of which arose in a sole product of the fifth stage of phylogenesis – in humans at an individual level. For details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
Phrenotype♫ (2001) [29] (from Greek φρήν – mind, intellect, – is read as frín, + τύπος – type, imprint, shape, pattern, – is read as týpos) – is the definition of a set of basic features of the living beings fifth level of the systemic organization (V LSO), representing a developed consciousness. His phylogenetic memory includes the memory of the previous stages of systemic metamorphosis.
Phylogenesis♫ (from Greek φυλή – genus, tribe, – is read as fylí, + γένεσις – birth, origin, – is read as génesis) – is a concept of the historical development of living organisms as a whole and for individual taxonomic groups. The term introduced into scientific circulation by Haeckel (1866). In the context of the systemic paradigm, phylogenesis should be presented as a step-by-step process towards complicating the systemic organization of the living beings, i.e., as a systemic metamorphosis. For details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine.
Physiophilosophy♫. See Natural Philosophy.
Physician Programmer*. See Biohacking.
Polysemy♫ (from Greek πολυ- – prefix in the meaning of many, – is read as poly, + σημεῖον – sign, – is read as simeion) – is a definition of the plurality of meanings of a word. The language of science does not allow polysemy. 
Preclinical♫ (preposition pre- + ... from Greek κλινική – clinic, – is read as klinikí) – is a term denoting the initial stage of some a disease from a biopathotype, in which the existing diagnostic methods do not detect it. At this stage, only probabilistic diagnostics are available, the possibilities of which are determined by the correlation between the existing diseases in the syntropic groups. Preclinical stage is the next after the pre-nosological stage of the manifestation of congenital programs of chronic diseases. Early secondary prevention of disease is possible only at this stage of their development.
Prenosological♫ (preposition pre- + from Greek νοσολογία – nosology, – is read as nosología, from νοσος – disease, – is read as nosos, + λογία – speaking, expressive, – is read as logía) – is a term denoting the latent stage of the state of chronic disease programs until the time of their activation. At this stage, only probabilistic forecasting is available, the possibilities of which are determined by the correlation between the existing diseases in the syntropic groups. The prenosological stage precedes the preclinical stage of development of congenital programs of chronic diseases. Primary disease prevention is possible only at this stage of their development.
Principle of Hierarchical Complementarity of Diseases* (1989) [29] (from Lat. principum – the basis in the representation of something, + from Greek ιερός – sacred, mighty, – is read as ierós, + άρχή – beginning, power, – is read as árchí, + from Lat. complēmentum – addition, completion, + ... disease) – is a concept establishing the obligatory presence of signs of phylogenetically old diseases in the structure of phylogenetically young diseases. This principle is a special case of the principle of hierarchical complementarity of material and abstract systems.
Program (from Greek πρόγραμμα – program – is read as prógramma) – is a term denoting the sequence (plan) of actions in solving a specific task to achieve a specific goal. In the informatics, a program is a description of an algorithm to solve a specific problem specified in a programming language. The program is automatically translated into the computer language of a specific computer with the help of a translator. Most natural processes, including diseases, have programmatic content [28]. It should be assumed (Revo V. V., 1986-2018) that the substrate of disease control programs at all levels of systemic organization is represented by wave forms of protein-polypeptide associations. Medicine will receive the possibility of real management only when he moves from technologies that are focused on the phenomenology of these processes, to technologies that can purposefully influence the programs themselves. Medicine may be able to manage disease development programs already today!
Prolegomena (from Greek προλεγόμενα – introduction, preface, – is read as prolegómena) – is a term denoting any reasoning leading to the possible presentation of something. I. Kant gave a classic example of such a representation in his work: “Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics in the Sense of Science” [51]. My publication is a prologue to future medicine, "which may arise in the sense of science."
Propaedeutics (from Greek προ- – a preposition in the sense of something preliminary, – is read as pro, + παιδεία – education, – is read as paideía) – is a term, denoting of a part of deontology, including methods of clinical examination of the patient and the semiotics of diseases, which are preceded by the study of basic clinical disciplines in obtaining higher medical education.
Prophylaxis♫ (from Greek προφυλακτικός – warning, – is read as prophylaktikόs) – is the definition of technology to prevent the possibility of undesirable changes in the state of something or someone. In medicine, use four types of prevention. Primary or prenosological prophylaxis should prevent the onset of the disease, i.e., the launch of its program. Secondary or preclinical prophylaxis should block the clinical manifestations of the disease. Tertiary prevention should prevent the relapse of the disease. Quaternary prevention should prevent complications and disability of the patient [31]. All four types of prophylaxis do not work today, because doctors do not take into account the basic systemic mechanisms of diseases and their development programs. In addition, primary prevention is impossible by definition due to the lack of technology capable of blocking the launch of the disease programs that make up the biopathotype of each person. Therefore, all the proposed methods that are issued as primary prevention are either ignorance or deception.
Protedynamics* (2003) [30] (protein … + from Greek πρώτος – first, most important, – is read as prótos, + δυναμικός (fem. g. δυναμική) – powerful, strong, – is read as dynamikós) – is a term denoting a discipline that studies the phenomenology, structure, basic system mechanisms for organizing and managing dynamic multi-rank hierarchical living systems of the proteomic level of systemic organization. The subject area of protedynamics is the complex systems of the proteomic level of the systemic organization of life (I LSO), represented in subsystem ranks of different orders. The scientific method of protedynamics is axiomatic and deductive. The tool for protedynamics represents a tool proteomics, biodynamics, and systems engineering. The linguistic space of protodynamics is represented by biodynamics, nonequilibrium thermodynamics, genodynamics, and systems engineering. The need to use the resources of genodynamics due to the requirements of the second theorem of Gödel on incompleteness. The conceptual apparatus of protedynamics represents a terminological thesaurus of material and abstract systems ranging from informatics and non-equilibrium thermodynamics to protedynamics and genodynamics.
Protein Frequency Isomers♫ (2008) – is the definition of a specific form of the living being first level of systemic organization (I LSO), in which the secondary structure of the normal soluble PrPC protein can undergo a phase transition into the PrPSc form. Since the conformational dynamics (hydration ⇄ dehydration) is manifested in the secondary structure of the protein, it is possible to draw an analogy with isomerization. Protein isomers differ from the original forms by the intrinsic frequency of conformational dynamics; therefore, they should be represented as protein frequency isomers. This is of great practical importance for diagnosis. For details, see Prion in my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
Proteins♫ (from Greek πρώτος – first, most important, – is read as protos) – is a term denoting high molecular weight organic compounds, consisting of amino acid residues (usually 20 α-1-amino acids). They have several levels of spatial organization. The molecular weight of proteins can range from a few thousand to millions. About 170 amino acids have been found in Nature, 20 of which form the molecules of most proteins. The human organism has, according to different sources, 10 to 50 thousand various proteins.  Biochemists isolated simple and complex proteins. The primary structure of simple proteins is the most stable, possibly the most ancient phylogenetically. It is represented by a linear sequence of alternating amino acid residues in the polypeptide chain that are linked together by covalent peptide bonds between the α-amino group of one amino acid and the α-carboxyl group of another amino acid. It also has a certain amount of disulfide bonds (-S-S-). The unique primary structure of the polypeptide chain takes spontaneously in the solution a conformation with the lowest free energy. The destruction of the primary structure of most proteins, e.g., by denaturation, is irreversible. However, some proteins, e.g., ribonuclease and myoglobin are capable of spontaneous renativation – the restoration of native conformation. This circumstance confirms the assumption of the conformation and function originally embedded in the primary structure. The primary structure of the protein determines its properties, spatial configuration and secondary structure.  The secondary spatial structure is represented as a package of a polypeptide chain in variants of α-helical regions and layered β-structures due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between peptide groups of one chain or between adjacent polypeptide chains, which ensure the stability and rigidity of the protein. The tertiary structure is represented by a three-dimensional packing of a spiral polypeptide chain in the form of a clew. It ensures the compactness of the stacking of the polypeptide chain. Stabilization of such packing occurs due to strong (covalent) and weak (polar and van der Waals) bonds between the side radicals of amino acids. This construction is similar to the three-dimensional packing of a spiral polypeptide chain wound on a cylinder whose axis periodically changes direction, which leads to the formation of a clew. Hydrophobic residues of the polypeptide chain form a nucleus, outside which are located polar (hydrophilic) R-groups surrounded by water molecules. Revo believes (2014) that it is these polar side groups of amino acids in the tertiary structure of the living protein that are responsible for the two-way information linkage of the protein to the external the environment. Artificially synthesized proteins have not this quality. Atoms of many metals stabilizes the conformation of the tertiary and / or quaternary structure of enzymes and other proteins. Cations Zn2+, Mn2+, Mg2+, Co2+, Fe2+, but especially Ca2+, and also triple-charge cations have this effect. The energy of hydrate water plays an important role in stabilizing the structure of the protein, in particular, collagen (Grechishko V. S. et al., 1999. In Rus. – Гречишко В. С. и сотр., 1999). Enzymes, antibodies (immunoglobulins) and some hormones have a tertiary structure. Finally, “enzymatic and antigenic activity is associated with conformational transitions in the tertiary structure of the protein” [17]. Regulatory proteins have a quaternary structure, which is the association of several polypeptide chains (subunit molecules) due to weak bonds between them in a single structure. Stabilization of the quaternary structure is provided by ionic (salt), hydrogen and disulfide (not always) bonds between polar groups. During the denaturation of the protein, the weakest bonds are broken first, then – more solid broken. Therefore, first the protein loses the quaternary, then – the tertiary, secondary, and, finally, the primary a structure. Revo (1986-2018) believes that such associations are a substrate for programs of all diseases of all levels of systemic organization, except social. Two groups of proteins are distinguished: globular proteins (similar in shape to a ball) and fibrillar or filamentous proteins (similar in shape to an elongated ellipse). Fibrillar proteins perform mainly static functions in the body, globular proteins perform dynamic functions. It is globular proteins are able to make up a systemic whole with water molecules in them. One of the protein conformations is a basic system attribute of living creatures of the first level of systemic organization (see I LSO). This is a kind of basic matrix of life. The quaternary structure of certain enzymes, e.g., protein kinases, consists of two subunits: catalytic and regulatory. Violation of the quaternary structure, e.g., when the activator interacts with the center of fixation of the regulatory link, leads to the separation of the catalytic link. This bare the active site of the enzyme. After cut out the activator, the quaternary structure is restored and the enzyme is not active again [Byshevsky A. Sh., Tersenov O. A, 1994 (In Rus. Бышевский А. Ш., Терсенов О. А., 1994.)]. This behavior turned out to be typical of a programmed complex of protein and polypeptide, as shown by Ostermeier M. and Gurkan G. (2003). The protein of living systems has a special dynamic conformational quality in the form of a self-oscillatory process. The extended elements of the polypeptide framework determine the organizing influence of the dynamics of their fluctuations on the functional activity of the protein macromolecule. Шноль (in Rus. Shnoll) showed (1956) that the protein exhibits macroscopic vibrations without any external influences. He also noted the conformational vibrations of cellular enzymes. The basic conformation of the protein performs numerous functions in the systemic structure of the organism. However, we still do not know what functions proteins perform as conformational subsystems of the 1st, 2nd, etc. order. Here we could expect serious surprises in the near future. Of particular importance for vital activity is the informational, in particular, mediator (intersystemic) and program function of proteins. However, here science is not in a hurry with the answers.
Protemorphoses* – is the definition of a special group of protheoses arising from changes in external or internal conditions. For more details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
Proteom (from Greek πρώτος – first, most important, – is read as prótos, + σώμα – body, – is read as sóma) – is the definition of the entire set of proteins of the human body. The term suggested Wilkins (1994).
Proteomics (protein, from Greek πρώτος – first, most important, – is read as prótos, + σώμα – body, – is read as sóma) – is the definition of the sphere of use of the complex, including the primary identification of the protein, structural analysis at accessing the data bank and sequencing (1995) [61]. This is a convetional definition. It sharply limits the use of proteomics, since protein in spontaneous reversible ultrahigh-frequency conformational dynamics (hydration ⇄ dehydration) is the basic form of life, represented as subsystems of different order and rank in organisms at all levels of systemic organization. Therefore, proteomics should include systemic aspects in the study and practical use of the material, energy and informational features of the protein in various conformations.
Proteoses♫ (2001) [29] – is the definition of diseases whose programs arose in living organisms of the first stage of phylogenesis. For details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
Protepathies* – is the definition of the group of syndromes, the leading symptom complex of which is manifested at the level of proteins at the first, second, third and / or fourth levels of the systemic organization (I, II, III and IV of the LSO) of the basic information mechanism of the living. For details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
Protepathotype* (2001) [29] (from protein, from Greek πρώτος – first, most important, – is read as prótos, + πάθος – suffering, passion, – is read as páthos, + from Greek τύπος – type, imprint, form, – is read as týpos) – is the definition of a biopathotype, whose disease programs reflect the basic mechanism of the first level of the systemic organization of living beings (I LSO) and are part of the proteoses system. See Systemic Binary Classification of Diseases.
Protetype* (2001) [29] (protein from Greek πρώτος – first, most important, – is read as prótos, + τύπος – type, imprint, form, – is read as týpos) – ia a definition of the type of living organisms of the first stage of phylogenesis, in the systemic structure of which the reversible ultrahigh-frequency conformational dynamics (hydration ⇄ dehydration) of the protein molecule first appeared. Its phylogenetic memory includes the memory of protein and hydrated water. The intrasystemic protetype is represented at the subsystem level in the structure of living beings of phylogenetically subsequent levels of systemic organization.
Psychodynamics. See Phrenodynamics.
Psychoses♫ [31] – is the definition of a number of mental diseaseses. According to the systemic binary classification, they represent a group of phrenoses.
Psychopathies. See Phrenopathies.
Psychopathotype. See Phrenopathotype.
Psychotype. See Phrenotype. 
Quality of Life♫ – is a concept expressing the degree of satisfaction of the needs of the organism as a whole and each of its subsystems for all levels of its own systemic organization in environmental conditions. This definition applies to all organisms, including humans. Since they have the social environment, they must also meet its requirements. The concept of quality of life is actively used in calculating the rating of various regions, countries, socio-political systems, etc. However, today the systemic content of this concept is not defined, nor is there any generally recognized methodology for its evaluation. Only the conditions on which the degree of satisfaction of human needs should be considered, based on one's own preferences and the profession of authors, are offered. More than two millennia passed from the pleasure garden of Epicurus (Greek Επίκουρος) to the hierarchical model of human needs of Maslow [54], but the situation has not changed. This concept retains a subjective evaluation character, which is expressed in arbitrarily chosen conventional units. This is confirmed by the examples given. Ferrans and Powers of the University of Illinois at Chicago developed the Quality of Life Index (QLI) (1984). They consider the quality of life in terms of health indicators and functional characteristics, in particular – in psychological terms. This index also takes into account the spiritual, social and economic spheres and family. The Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) is also an expert system developed by a team of researchers from the Galen Research Enterprise House Manchester Science Park (UK), led by McKenna. They study physical activity, which includes three to five positions, consider the characteristics of pain, social isolation, emotional sphere, sleep, etc. The generalized scale of assessing the quality of life is also a questionnaire system that is developed under the auspices of the American thoracic society. The European Organization for the Study of the Quality of Cancer Treatment works in the same direction. She uses the questionnaire methodology (EORTC QLQ-C30). The questionnaire character has also the Common Welfare Assessment (Great Britain) from the Institute of Labor, Health and Organizations of the University of Nottingham (I-WHO). All methods for assessing quality of life are based on using a set of physiological, clinical, psychological or social indicators. This is an eclectic, but not a systemic set of criteria, so they by definition cannot imagine the content of such a systemic concept as quality of life. In addition, to develop criteria for assessing the quality of life of such a complex systemic organism as a person, without its a systemic model is a sign of ignorance.
Recreation♫ (from Lat. recreātio – restoration of power, recovery) – is a term denoting the restoration of the structures and / or functions of living systems of different levels of morphological organization (organ, tissue, organism, population, biocenosis, biosphere). Violation of the basic systemic mechanisms of life is irreversible and is not subject to recreation. See Death.
Reflection♫ (from Lat. reflexus – reflected, turn back) – determining the reaction of the organism, when the main system mechanism of the apparatus of any level of systemic organization is triggered by a specific effect of external or internal factors that can cause irritation (for all living things), excittation (for organisms that have a nervous system) or reflection (for humans).
Relation♫ – is the category introduced by Aristotle (in Ancient Greek Αριστοτέλης), which expresses the basic form of interconnection in the objects and phenomena of Nature across all streams of being (material, energy and informational). According to Leibniz, it reflects the ideal meaning of the object and the phenomenon, while Aristotle and Hegel believed that the relationship reveals their content. Hegel expressed it this way: “Everything that exists is in a relation, and this relation is the truth of any existence.”
Remission (from Lat. remissio – reduction, weakening) – is a term denoting the disappearance of manifestations of a chronic disease in any form during a finite period of time.
Remission Imaginary♫ (from Lat. remissio – reduction, easing, + ... imaginary), syn. False Remission – is the definition of a sudden sharp improvement in the general condition of a person a few hours or minutes before the appearance of pathognomonic death signs that the patient and others can observe. This is a peculiar form of the first stage of agony, when the entropy of the organism exceeded the critical level, after which the irretrievable process of dying gradually develops. See Death.
Ribozymes (from ribonucleic acid and enzyme) – is a term denoting ribonucleic acid molecules with catalytic activity. They are able to block the development of genoses, for example, hepatitis B and C, HIV-1, tumors, including malignant ones. Enzyme properties of RNA were first discovered by T. Cech (1980). The term was coined by K. Kruger et al. (1982). Some ribozymes may contain divalent ions, for example, Mg2 +, as cofactors. Antibribozymes are also capable of blocking of the genoses programs. This term refers to proteins (factors RF1, RF2 in prokaryotes and eRf1 in eukaryotes) exhibiting the properties of catalytic RNA. Ribozymes and anti-ribozymes represent one of the main strategic elements for systemic technologies of the Future Metamedicine. See Postulates No. 29 and No. 31 in the second part of my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine.  
Science♫ – is the definition of the sphere of organized activity in a society that ensures the development of objective ideas about things in all its manifestations and relations. Understanding and effective use of this provides the generation of scientific ideas. Science has a subject, a method, a conceptual apparatus, an instrument, and a language. The presentation of science reflects the corresponding paradigm adopted for this period of historical development. Today this is a systemic paradigm, which, however, is only stated. The main doer of science in this context is a researcher who demonstrates cognitive potential, owns the technique of analysis and synthesis, and ideally – systems analysis and deduction. of science in this context is a researcher who demonstrates cognitive potential, owns the technique of analysis and synthesis, and ideally – systems analysis and deduction. Goethe (1829) expressed it like this: “The century that relies only on analysis and at the same time is afraid of synthesis is not on the right path, because only together, as in and out, they give science life ... The main thing that does not seem to be thought of in the exceptional application of analysis is that each analysis assumes synthesis”.[6] The object of science is the entire material world and the relations in it. The conceptual apparatus of science is an aggregate of abstract systems (laws, postulates, etc.) that, in a systemic relation, complement the systemic level of the object or phenomenon under consideration. The language of science is its terminological thesaurus in which words denoting concepts are arranged according to the principle of semantic relations between lexical units (words, phrases) reflecting various levels of their systemic organization (generic, synonym, etc.). Science, according to Bogdanov it is: “An organized system covering a certain amount of collective experience.” This allows us to reveal the essence, i.e., the main features of the material and abstract systems. Herzen (in Rus. Герцен, 1844-1845) believed that science should provide “... the construction of all existence into thought.” Thus, attention is paid to the semantic content of scientific constructions. True, von Goethe believed that “It is more interesting to think than to know, but to contemplate it is more interesting.” Nietzsche, defining the qualities of a thinker, singled out an ability to “Understand things easier than they are (in real)” [15]. He shows this attitude towards science even in the title of this work. And Timofeev-Resovsky (in Rus. Тимофеев-Ресовский) once remarked: “Science – is a woman jolly....”. Kapitsa (in Rus. Капица) also believed that: “Science should be fun, fascinating and simple. Scientists should be the same.” (1938). He also advocated the brevity of the scientific style of presentation. He clarified: “In science, we invariably observe: the more fundamental the open law, the shorter it can be formulated” (1979). A sample of this format was given by Poincaré (1902): “Science – is a system of relationships”. However, to formulate shorter, this does not mean easier. The substitution of these concepts is a serious ontological mistake. The Turing principle is a very compelling reason to accept this. Science through the system of relations allows to reveal the content of the object and the phenomenon, i.e., the truth, due to the laws of Nature. Hegel (1832) expressed it this way: “Everything that exists stands in relation, and this relation is the veritable nature of any existence.” In the natural sciences, there are two main sections – theoretical (fundamental) sciences and applied sciences. Theoretical science studies and develops abstract forms of representing relationships in the form of laws of Nature, theories, theorems, postulates, axioms. This is a resource of anticipation, foresight. Bogdanov believed that this is the main goal of science. The subject of applied science is a form of presenting the achievements of theoretical science in practical activity. In some cases, theoretical science is ahead of practice, stimulating the development of appropriate technologies. For example, the concept of the so-called rest energy (E = mc2), which can be obtained by splitting the atomic nucleus, was first given (1905) by Einstein’s special (private) theory of relativity. However, this possibility was realized only as a result of the Manhattan Project (1945). In other cases, the practice poses a task to theoretical science. The first heat engine capable of using internal energy of fuel to perform useful work was patented by Savery in 1698 as a device “for lifting water and obtaining movement of all types of products using the driving force of fire”. At the same time, an analysis of the operation of a heat engine, known as the Carnot cycle, was proposed only in 1823. Finally, the first and second principles of thermodynamics, representing the laws of the mutual conversion of heat into mechanical work, science was able to formulate much later. The formulation of the first beginning was given by Mayer (1841-1842). The formulation of the second beginning was given by Clausius (1850). The main task of science is the creative search for true, therefore its moral potential is impeccable. True, this applies only to the natural sciences. The so-called humanitarian sciences are only a kind of humanitarian sphere. Firstly, it has no generally accepted paradigm. Secondly, its conceptual apparatus is not represented by the fundamental laws of Nature. Finally, thirdly, it appeals to meaning, whereas natural sciences provide, above all, the disclosure of the contents of an object or phenomenon. The divergence between the natural sciences and the humanitarian sphere, which began in the 17th cent., is close to a critical moment. It becomes dangerous. Bogdanov is the only modern thinker who tried to stop this process. He even proposed the appropriate term – the technical intelligentsia, but that part of the society that could really correspond to the content of this term did not take advantage of this opportunity. A century later, the situation has not changed, the divergence continues. Human moral reflects the values left over from the previous stage of the systemic metamorphosis of the living, and its isomers at the new stage are determined only by the conjuncture. This circumstance in the conditions of accelerated development of technological capabilities provided by science represents an ever-increasing mortal danger not only for humans, but for all life on the planet. Science is not omnipotent. It can never take a person’s knowledge beyond the limits defined by the incompleteness and consistency theorem of Gödel’s formal systems (1931), Planck’s addition (1911) to Nernst’s theorem (1906) and the postulate Revo (1986) on the virtual border in the systemic structure of a developed consciousness.
Semiotics♫ (from Greek σημειωτική – semiotics, – is read as simeiotikí, from Ancient Greek σημεῖον – sign, – is read as simeion), syn. Semiology – is the definition of the theory of the origin and content of signs and sign systems. In medicine, it is a discipline that studies observational and substantive, but not systemic phenomenology of pathological processes. There are crypto-, bio-, zoo-, linguo-, phyto-, exo-, endo-, ethno-, and other areas of semiotics. The space of the sphere of knowledge is constantly expanding. This requires the introduction of new derivatives of the term semiotics, e.g., semiotics of complex systems, etc.
Semiotics Horizontal♫ – is the definition of a section of semiotics that studies the origin and content of signs and sign systems in relation to the mechanisms of systemic hierarchical organization at a certain level of systemic organization of life (LSO). Emmeche (1992) noted that “Biosemiotics proper deals with sign processes in nature in all dimensions, including (1) the emergence of semiosis in nature, which may coincide with or anticipate the emergence of living cells; (2) the natural history of signs; (3) the “horizontal” aspects of semiosis in the ontogeny of organisms, in plant and animal communication, and the inner sign functions in the immune and nervous systems ...” [49]. It should be recognized that the problems of studying information processes on the phylogenetic horizon are currently only under development. This applies primarily to the processes of intersystem information transfer and intrasystem communication.
Semiotics Vertical♫ – is the definition of the section of semiotics, which studies the origin and content of signs and systems of signs, taking into account the interlevel mechanisms in the system hierarchical vertical of life. The concept of levels of systemic organization of life (LSO) defines the intersystem relations of various types of biological memory from the point of view of biosemiotics. The possibilities of this section of biosemiotics are sharply limited due to the reference only to the genetic type of biological memory from the identified Revo five kinds of it [18]. Reasonable in this connection is the observation of Hoffmeyer (1997) that DNA lacks “the key to its own interpretation”.
Sense♫ – is a concept that is synonymous with meaning in everyday mental practice. It has a comparative and dynamic historical content. In semantics it forms the pragmatic component of the denotate. The conditional element highlighted by the subject is assigned to the designated, which is denoted by the name. Ideally, this implies a systemic correspondence of the relation of the result of an action to its motivation. Sense exists only in the representation of the subject, which impart to its object or phenomenon. This circumstance attracted the attention of Descartes (1629). As a rule, the sense is determined by the phenomenological parameters of the object or phenomenon. Sense and content are central to the definition of any lexical unit. One of the effusiveforms to search for meaning is discussion. The most incorrect form of searching for sense is a polemic. Often, phrases such as semantic content, contentful meaning are used as a figure of speech, which from the point of view of formal logic is unacceptable. Compare with Content.
Simultaneous♫ (from French simultané – simultaneous) – is a definition of any processes occurring at the same moment in any place according to a common time scale for them. In fact, the flow of time differs not only in different parts of the Universe, but also in the systemic hierarchical structure of any living organism, each basic element of which lives in its unchanged temporal metric.
Socialoses* (2001) [29] – is the definition of diseases, the programs of which arose in a sole product of the fifth stage of phylogenesis – in humans at the level of society. For details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
Sociodynamics♫ (from Lat. Societās – community, association, + from Greek δυναμικός (f. δυναμική) – strong, powerful, – is read as dynamikós) – definition of a discipline that studies phenomenology, structure, basic systemic mechanisms of organizing and managing dynamic multi-rank hierarchical living systems of the social level of system organization. The subject area of sociodynamics is represented by complex hierarchical systems of the social level of system organization [30, 35]. The method of sociodynamics is a general scientific axiomatic and deductive. The tool of sociodynamics is represented by psychology, biodynamics, systems engineering. The language of sociodynamics is the languages of system engineering, protedynamics, genodynamics, neurodynamics, encephalodynamics and phrenodynamics. The conceptual apparatus of sociodynamics is a terminological thesaurus of material and abstract systems from computer science and nonequilibrium thermodynamics to protedynamics, genodynamics, neurodynamics, encephalodynamics and sociodynamics. According to the second theorem on the incompleteness and consistency formal systems (Gödel K., 1931), sociodynamics, by definition, cannot systemically adequately formalize its subject. It is also limited by the resource capabilities of the virtual component of consciousness, which does not have systemically adequate tools for working at this level of system organization.
Sociomorphoses* – is a term representing a special group of sociopathies that arise in a population with a critical value of the deviant effect on the virtual component of developed consciousness. For more details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II. 
Sociopathotype* (2001) [29] (from Lat. societās – community, association, + from Greek πάθος – suffering, passion, – is read as páthos, + τύπος – type, imprint, shape, pattern, – is read as týpos) – definition of a biopathotype, whose disease programs reflect the basic mechanism of the virtual component of the fifth level of the systemic organization of the living beings (V LSOv) and are part of the system of socialoses. See Systemic Binary Classification of Diseases.
Sociopathy♫ – is the definition of a group of syndromes, the leading symptom complex of which is manifested at the level of the structures and functional systems of the body, representing the virtual component of a developed consciousness (V LSOv). For details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
Sociotype♫ (from Lat. societās – community, association, + from Greek τύπος – type, imprint, shape, pattern, – is read as týpos) – is a definition of the type of living organisms in the systemic structure of which at the fifth stage of phylogenesis a developed consciousness with a virtual component (V USOv) first appeared. Only a modern person (Homo sapiens L.) represents a sociotype. His phylogenetic memory includes the phylogenetic memory of the previous stages of systemic metamorphosis. The intrasystem sociotype will be represented at the subsystem level in the systemic structure of living beings of the future stage of phylogenesis. 
Strange Attractor♫ (strange … + from Lat. attraho – attract, pull) – a term denoting an unpredictable direction of search and selection of a solution, determined by random fluctuations in the system and / or in the environment.
Surgery of Сonsciousness* (2003) [31] (from Greek χειρουργική – surgery, violent acts, – is read as cheirourgikí, from χέρι – hand, – is read as chéri, + δημιουργός – creator, – is read as dimiourgós, + … consciousness) – is the definition of technological methods of invasive structural transformation of the consciousness of the personality [31]. To do this, use implantation or resection of various parts of the brain, as well as direct exposure to them of various physical or chemical means. The terms psychoplasty and psychosurgery, which can be found in the special literature, are incorrect in this context due to semantic coincidence with the term mind surgery, since this refers to consciousness as a social attribute of a person, and not as a medical concept. See Therapy of consciousness.
Symptom Сomplex♫ (from Greek σύμπτωμα – symptom, – is read as symptoma, + from Lat. com-plex – closely connected) – is the definition of a stable combination of a group of symptoms, reflecting the phenomenology of the basic mechanism of a certain nosological form or different nosological forms, but of the same level of systemic organization (LSO).
Syndrome♫ (from Ancient Greek συνδρομή – a set of signs of the disease, – is read as syndrome, from συν- – preposition, in the signify – with, + δρόμος – way, movement, – is read as drómos) – is a term denoting a set of symptoms with a common etiopathogenesis, presented as “an independent nosological form, a stage of the disease or a combination of symptoms united by a single pathogenesis” [46]. Davydovsky (in Rus. Давыдовский) wrote about the syndrome “In pathology and clinic <...> as a typical combination of organopathological disorders” [11]. Syndrome is also defined as “a combination of signs and / or symptoms that form a distinctive clinical picture indicating a particular disorder” [55]. According to Revo (2004) [31], a syndrome is a non-systemic concept that means a stable set of symptoms that are not related to any nosology and exhibit the effect of a causative factor. For example, dry eye syndrome, compression syndrome, adaptation syndrome.
Syntropic Clusters* (1998) (from Greek σύν- – prefix, meaning simultaneity, interaction, – is read as sýn, + τρόπος – direction, path, – is read as trópos, + … cluster), syn. Syntropy Pool – is a concept denoting stable group (di-, tri-, quadri-, ..., multiplet) combinations of symptoms in symptom complexes, syndromes and in nosological forms, as well as stable group combinations of nosological forms in biopathotypes.
Syntropy♫ (from Greek σύν- – prefix, meaning simultaneity, interaction, – is read as sýn, + τρόπος – direction, path, – is read as trópos) – is a term denoting stable group combinations of certain phenomena or signs in them.
System♫ (from Greek σύστημα – whole, composed of parts, – is read as sýstima) – is the definition of any natural object that satisfies the conditions of the hierarchical structure, structural and functional integrity, i.e., has the main property of the system. For details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
System Input♫ – system category expressing the property of an open system to be defined by the environment and the system itself. For details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
System Output♫ – is a system category representing the property of an open system is determined by the purpose of the system, communicating with the external the environment through the work of the centripetal streams of life. For details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
Systemic Binary Classification of Diseases* (2001) (from Greek σύστημα – whole, composed of parts, – is read as sýstima, + from Lat. binaris – couples, + … diseases classification) – is the definition of the principle of classification of diseases, in which the first word represents the name of the nosological form adopted in the modern nomenclature of diseases, and the second word is the systemic pathogenetic type of this nosology [29]. A binary name can complement the full or abbreviated name of the person who first described the disease or made a decisive contribution to understanding its etiopathogenesis. The modern classification uses unacceptable heterogeneous criteria (by anatomical zone, by organ, by putative pathogen, by leading symptom, by histological pattern, etc.). Therefore, I proposed (2001) a Systemic Binary Classification of Diseases in accordance with their phylogenetic origin (Revo V. V., 1986). The nomenclature series represents six groups of diseases: proteoses, genoses, neuroses, encephaloses, phrenoses. Socialoses he singled out in a special group. The use of such a classification greatly simplifies and optimizes the work of the doctor. For details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
Systemic Medicine* (1991) [25] (from Greek σύστημα – whole, composed of parts, – is read as sýstima, + from Lat. medicus – healing, curative) – is a term proposed (1991) to draw attention to the systemic synthesis of the main traditional and modern areas of medicine within the framework of the systemic information paradigm of Revo (1986). The term was immediately picked up; under this name various organizational structures appeared, however, without any systemic signs. Therefore, the author disavowed it term. However, a year later (1992), Zeng used the term Systems medicine to refer to some interdisciplinary field of research, built in accordance with the principles of genomics and patient behavior in the environment. In this interpretation, the term “system medicine” means only an eclectic set of heterogeneous criteria without a systemically organized hierarchy. For details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
Systemic Metamorphosis♫ (2015) [38] (from Greek σύστημα – whole, composed of parts, – is read as sýstima, + Ancient Greek μεταμόρφωσις – transformation, converting, – is read as metamórphōsis, from μετα- – prefix in the value after, post, beyond, through, – is read as meta, + μορφή – shape, figure, kind, – is read as morfí + suffix -ως, – is read as os, usually used with the ending -ις, – is read as is, here -ωςις denotes a state or formation of something, – is read as ōsis) – is a concept that expresses the basic principle of the systemic development of life. According to Revo (2015), each subsequent stage of phylogenesis gives rise to new forms of living beings with a fundamentally new invariant basic information mechanism. Systemic metamorphosis does not imply the existence of transitional forms. For details, see my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
Systemic Model of Human* (1986-2016) – is the definition of the first systemic, dichotomous, information model of human. For details, see in my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
Systemic Prophylaxis Principle♫ (from Greek σύστημα – whole composed of parts, – is read as sýstima, + ... prophylaxis, + from Lat. principum – basis in the representation of something) – is a concept in accordance with which the physician should be able to manage the disease program before its primary activation.
Systemic Treatment Principle* (1986) [18] (from Greek σύστημα – whole composed of parts, – is read as sýstima, + ... treatment, + from Lat. principum – basis in the representation of something) – is the concept that treatment should include all three levels of diseases management: symptomatic, biodynamic and systemic. Only the system level allows you to manage the disease program at the stages of its development. The doctor should use systemically adequate tools for this.
Systemopathies* (2001) – is a concept representing a set of nosological forms that have the same basic systemic mechanism of development, the basic system attribute. For details, see in my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
Tektomedicine*. See Future Metamedicine.
Temporal Metric♫ (temporal, + from Greek μετρική – metric, – is read as metrikí, from the μετρων – measure, size, evaluate, calibrate, – reads metron) – a concept that represents a fundamental feature of a specific space-time continuum. For example, each stage of phylogenesis exhibits its specific properties of the scale of the lifetime that appeared at this stage. Revo distinguished (1986) five stages of the systemic metamorphosis of the living, each of which has its own temporal metric, which differs from the temporal metric of other stages of phylogenesis [23]. This phenomenon is manifested in appearance the of time compression for life processes and phenomena occurring in living systems of each subsequent stage of phylogenesis compared with the previous stage.
Thanatodynamics* (2017) [39] (from Greek θάνατος – death, – is read as thánatos, + δυναμικός (fem. g. δυναμική) – powerful, strong, – is read as dynamikós) – is the definition of the process of phased and irreversible cessation of work of the basic systemic mechanisms of a dying organism. First, elements of the phylogenetically youngest level of the systemic organization of the body cease to work, then the process gradually captures the elements of other levels of systemic organization, up to the phylogenetically oldest, which represents the protein in a reversible spontaneous ultrahigh-frequency conformational dynamic (hydration ⇄ dehydration). The system features of thanatodynamics must be taken into account in many areas of life, primarily in experimental and clinical medicine, in law and ethics, in nutrition, etc. Today this is not the case. See Death.
Therapy of Consciousness* (2003) [31] (from Greek θεραπεία – therapy, treatment, – is read as therapeia, + … consciousness) – is the definition of technological methods of non-invasive functional transformation of the consciousness of a person or groups of people. For this, physical and chemical means, hypnosis, transcendental meditation, myth-making, ontological and semantic technologies, etc. are used. See Surgery of Cousciousness.
Treatment♫ – is the definition of the process of managing the diseases and illnesses of any living being. Future Metamedicine offers three levels of management. 1) The traditional symptomatic level, the target of which is the detection of the basic signs of the disease of the phylogenetically preceding level of systemic organization, but not the current level. 2) Biodynamic level, the technology of which provides control of the disease at the level of manifestation of its basic mechanism. It is presented in the postulates of metamedicine. 3) The systemic or the highest level, the technology of which makes it possible to manage the program of the disease at any stage of its deployment. Today, doctors are able to manage only symptoms, but they are not able to distinguish between the two symptomatic levels from each other. However, the main problem is that they cannot manage of a disease's programs. This applies to all major forms of treatment – surgical, therapeutic, or combined. This approach has low efficiency. According to the principles of future metamedicine, the doctor must choose a strategy and tactics of treatment based on the results of systemic and matrix diagnostics. This allows you to determine the systemic level of the underlying mechanism of all existing diseases in a particular patient [31]. Such diagnostics is of particular importance in the practice of emergency conditions and emergency situations [37]. Solving particular problems on Bogdanov (e.g., treatment of a disease) is possible only when converting them into generalized forms [5]. Formulary organization of the doctor's work cannot provide this. It blocks clinical thinking and promotes the further development of the iatrogenic pandemic. The treatment algorithm should include all three levels of disease management. First of all, you should save the patient from pain, and at the same time carry out the correction of impaired functions of organs and tissues of the body. The blockade of the disease program at the prenosological, preclinical and clinical levels, in addition to therapeutic, has prophylactic significance.
True♫ – is the definition of the objective content of the relations of Nature. The content of true in the form of an artistic metaphor was presented by Rembrandt H. van Rijn. He expressed this through the image of Christ in several etchings (e.g., Christ and the scribes, a small board, 1652). Since Christ is God, i.e., the Absolute, He is the only source of truth, and the scribes around Him are only interpreters of various variants of subjective significances, i.e., sense.[7]
Uncertainty♫ – is the term denoting the presence of both mutually exclusive and mutually complementary characteristics of the observed system. The systemic complexity of living things is also presented to the observer as uncertainty. This is one of the main reasons that does not allow us to describe the basic system characteristics of living beings of the next level of systemic organization (LSO). There is a direct exponential relationship between the LSO of the observed system and its level of uncertainty. The level or degree of uncertainty of something is determined by the level of the subject’s own systemic organization (subject's LSO) and the object's systemic organization level (LSO of the object). It should be noted that “Observation is an irreversible process that determines, at least partially, the future behavior of the system” [Druzhinin (In Rus. Дружинин) and Kontorov (In. Rus. Конторов, 1983)]. Einstein and Schrödinger considered uncertainty to be a subjective category, but Bohr and Heisenberg considered uncertainty to be an objective category. We must admit that both pairs are right, but Einstein and Schrödinger used an ontological approach, and Bohr and Heisenberg used a gnoseological approach. See Fig. 1. In fig. 2 we see that the objects of the region perceived by the mind have the least uncertainty, while the uncertainty increases exponentially when moving both towards micro- and macro-objects. Fig. 2 shows the uncertainty curve for living objects, i.e., for complex systems. This schematic curve shows an exponential growth of uncertainty from living systems of phylogenetically older to phylogenetically younger systems.
 
1 – for the scale of objects in the wave mechanics region; 2 – for the scale of objects of the region comprehended by reason; 3 – for objects of the galactic and Universe scales. The scale of the objects is shown along the abscissa axis, and the level of uncertainty along the ordinate axis. (In reality, the curve should be asymmetric due to the greater steepness of its right half due to the combined uncertainty of macro objects). The certainty of values for objects is conditional.
 
Fig. 1. The Uncertainty Curve for Objects of Inert Nature (i.e., for Simple Systems) of Different Scales (Revo V. V., 2006).
 
At the fifth level of the systemic organization of the living (this is the level of Homo sapiens L.), the uncertainty level of the living system does not allow it to be exhaustively formalized. The own level of uncertainty and the uncertainty of the systems of younger LSO make it difficult to formalize objects and phenomena of each phylogenetically subsequent LSO.
 
1 – for objects of the first level of the systemic organization of living beings (I LSO); 2 – for objects of II LSO; 3 – for objects of III LSO; 4 – for objects of IV LSO; 5 – for objects of V LSO. On the abscissa axis is represented by the LSO of objects, on the ordinate axis – their level of uncertainty.                     
(The determination of the initial values for the objects of the I LSO is conditional).
 
 
 
Fig. 2. The Uncertainty Curve for Living Things (i.e., for Complex Systems) of Different Scales (Revo V. V., 2006).
 
Here the “Paradox of Formalization” is manifested, when phylogenetically young organisms have even greater uncertainty than the phylogenetically preceding ones. Uncertainty can be “compressed”, as is done, e.g., in radiolocation, when the uncertainty functions obtained for this are used to simultaneously determine the distance and velocity of an object. For living systems, such methods yet. As an alternative to “compressing” uncertainty for them, today we can use an appeal to the fundamental autowave characteristics of the system and its subsystems in accordance with the level of the systemic organization of their basic information mechanism. Another way is to create simplified mathematical models. However, this path is unproductive due to the extreme complexity of biological processes. As Turing wrote: “… biological phenomena are usually very complicated”[8]. The limit of accuracy of simultaneous measurement of the basic parameters of subsystems for a living being depends on the characteristics of the environment in which a particular subsystem element of this system manifests its properties according to its rank. For example, it can be a subsystem of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th order.
Valeology♫ (from Lat. valeo – to be strong, healthy, to contribute, to be able to + from Greek λόγος – word, reason, teaching, – is read as lógos) – is a term denoting a speculative combination of ideas about the rules for restoring, maintaining and strengthening a certain conditional quality of life – health. Valeology is actively developing in modern medicine. This is an example of hypostasis, when some abstraction is objectified, in this case health. There is a specific process – a disease, the program of which medicine must be able to effectively manage.
Verification♫ (from Lat. verus – true, + facere – to do) – is a term denoting confirmation of something obtained using special tools. For example, verification of material taken during biopsy allows differentiating the nature of the pathological process (tumor, inflammation.).
Violence♫ – is the definition of any form of unauthorized relationships.
Viy Phenomen* (2004) [31] – a term that denoting the activation of relationships at a mutual informational contact between living beings of any level of systemic organization. It can be a predator and its prey, a microorganism and a macroorganism, etc. An example of the Viy phenomen is the activation of a pathogenic microorganism in bacilliocarriers. Some techniques of predators in preparing an attack, including the so-called hypnotizing view in the victim's eyes, have been known since time immemorial. It is also known that many carnivores perceive a direct eye-to-eye look as a problem, as a threat of attack. This fact found expression in iconography, where Judas Iscariot is always depicted in profile, which does not allow believers to meet his gaze. In an artistic form, this phenomenon was presented (1835) by Gogol (in Rus. Гоголь) in the mystical story Viy (in Rus. “Вий”).
 
 
 
 
LIST OF ACCEPTED ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
 
A. s. – author's sheet, auth. – author, biol. – biological, Brit. – English, e.g. – for example, ed. – edit- (-or, -ed, -ion), etc. – and other, fem. g. – feminine genus, Ger. – Deutsch, fig. – figure, Fr. – French, i.e. – that is, ill. – illustration(s), ISS – International Space Station, IT – information technology, L. Lat. – Late Latin, Lat. – Latin, LSO – level of systemic organization of the basic information mechanism of a living being, med. – medical, rep. – report(s), Rus. – Russian, ser. – series, swed. – Swedish, syn. – synonym, tab. – table, techn. – technical, transl. – translation, UV – ultraviolet.
 
* – this symbol denotes terms, definitions, concepts and categories proposed by the author.
♫ – this symbol denotes known terms, definitions, concepts and categories in the author's interpretation.
 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF VOCABULARY ARTICLES
 
Abiogenic
Abstract System♫
Abstraction♫
Adaptation♫
Additive Learning♫
Aging♫
Agony♫
Anamnesis
Anamnestic response. See Antigenic Imprinting
Antibody-dependent Enhancement of Infection
Antigen♫
Antigenic Imprinting
Antibribozymes. See Ribozymes  
Apodictic♫
Attractor♫
Avidity
Axiomatic Method
Bacilli-carrier♫
Basic♫
Bestiary of Transcendences* 
Biodynamics♫
Biohacking♫
Bioinformatics♫
Biomechanism♫
Bionomics♫
Biopathoallagy* 
Biopathotype* 
Biopathotype Standard* 
Biowater. See Hydrate Water  
Body’s Negentropic Reserve*  
Boundary Layer Water. See Hydrate Water  
Causative Agent. See Pathogen
Causative Factor♫
Cell
Chemical compounds. See Matter
Chemical prosthesis♫
Chronopathy♫
Classification♫
Clinical♫
Cloning♫
Coding♫
Cognition♫
Collapse of Consciousness♫
Comorbidity. See Disease
Complementarity♫
Complementarity of Diseases (Group)*. See Heterosystem Complementarity of Syntropic Clusters in my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
Complementarity of Diseases (Systemic)*. See Homosystem Complementarity of Syntropic Clusters in my book Prolegomena to Future Metamedicine. Part II.
Compliance
Consciousness♫
Content♫ 
Context♫
Convergence♫
Correlative Matrix of Diseases*  
Creative Humility*
Darwin's Demon
Death♫
Demon of Diseases♫
Demon of Phylogenesis♫  
Demon of Systemic Metamorphosis*. See Demon of Phylogenesis♫ Deontology♫
Diagnosis♫
Diagnostics. See Diagnosis
Disease♫
Disease Complication♫
Disease Pattern♫
Divergence♫
Doctor♫
Doctor's error. See Medical Error
Doctor-hacker*. See Biohacking
Doctor-programmer*. See Biohacking
Doctor's error♫. See Medical Error
Doctrine
Duration♫
Dyschronosis♫
Dystropy♫
Encephalodynamics♫
Encephalomics*
Encephalomorphoses*
Encephalopathies♫
Encephalopathotype*    
Encephaloses♫
Encephalotype*  
Entropic Management Principle*  
Environmentology♫
Essence. See Content
Ethic♫
Ethical Safety
Etiopathogenesis♫
Euthanasia♫
Excitability♫
EZ Water (i.e. Water of the Exclusion Zone). See Hydrate Water   
Facies Hippocratica
False Remission. See Remission Imaginary
Fight♫
Formulary♫
Freedom♫
Future Metamedicine♫
Genodynamics*  
Genome
Genomics♫
Genomorphoses♫ 
Genopathies♫
Genopathotype*  
Genoses♫
Genotype♫
Gerontology♫
Gerontophilic Diseases♫
Grammatology♫
Health♫
Hierarchy of Nosologies (Systemical) *  
Hippocrates mask. See Facies Hippocratica
Homeostasis♫
Human♫
Hydrate Shell♫
Hydrate Water
Hypostatization♫
Iatrogenic Pandemic
Illness♫
Immortality♫
Immunity♫
Information♫
Information Absorption*  
Information Adsorption*  
Instant♫
Integration-ingression System of the Organization of Training*  
Internal External Environment♫. See Environmentology.
Inter-system Pathomimicry*  
Intra-system Pathomimicry*  
Invasive♫
Irritability♫
Killing Incurable Patients. See Euthanasia
Knowledge♫
Latent♫
Law of conservation of parity for complex systems* 
Levels of Systemic Organization of the Basic Information Mechanisms of Living Beings (LSO)*  
I LSO*
II LSO*  
III LSO*   
IV LSO*   
V LSO*  
V LSOv*  
Life♫
Lulling. See Euthanasia
Matter♫
Measure♫
Medical Error♫
Medicine♫
Metamorphosis♫
Metascience♫
Mimicry Antigenic
Morality♫
Multi-causality
Natural Philosophy♫
Near-wall Water. See Hydrate Water
Negentropy
Neurodynamics♫
Neurom*
Neuromics*
Neuromorphoses*
Neuron  
Neuropathotype
Neuropathy♫
Neuroses♫
Neurotype♫
Nosena*  
Nosological Form. See Disease
Nosological Unit. See Nosology
Nosology♫
Pain♫
Paleopathology♫
Paradigm♫
Pathobiology♫
Pathogen♫
Pathogenesis♫
Pathognomonic
Pathognomonic Symptom
Pathological ecology (pathoecology)* 
Pathology♫
Pathy♫
Patient♫
Personal Medical Certificate♫
Phenoencephalotype*  
Phenogenotype♫
Phenoneurotype*  
Phenopathotype*  
Phenophrenotype*  
Phenoprotetype*  
Phenopsychotype. See Phenophrenotype 
Phenosociotype*  
Phenotype♫
Phrenodynamics* 
Phrenopathies♫
Phrenopathotype*  
Phrenoses♫  
Phrenotype♫
Phylogenesis♫
Physiophilosophy♫. See Natural Philosophy
Physician. See Doctor
Physician Programmer*. See Biohacking
Polymorbidity. See Disease
Polysemy♫
Preclinical♫
Prenosological♫
Principle of Hierarchical Complementarity of Diseases*  
Program
Prolegomena 
Propaedeutics
Prophylaxis♫
Protedynamics*  
Protein Frequency Isomers♫
Proteins♫
Protemorphoses* 
Proteom
Proteomics
Proteoses♫
Protepathies*  
Protepathotype*  
Protetype*
Psychodynamics. See Phrenodynamics
Psychoses. See Phrenoses
Psychopathies. See Phrenopathies
Psychopathotype. See Phrenopathotype
Psychotype. See Phrenotype
Psychodynamics♫
Psychopathotype*.
Psychopathy♫. See Encephalopathy
Psychoses♫
Psychotype. See Encephalotype
Quality of Life♫
Recreation
Reflection♫
Relation♫
Remission
Remission Imaginary♫
Resistance. See Immunity
Ribozymes  
Science♫
Semiology. See Semiotics
Semiotics♫
Semiotics Horizontal♫
Semiotics Vertical♫
Sense♫
Simultaneous♫
Social diseases. See Socialoses
Socialoses*  
Sociodynamics♫ 
Sociomorphoses*  
Sociopathotype*  
Sociopathy♫
Sociotype♫
Strange Attractor♫
Structured Water. See Hydrate Water  
Surgery of Consciousness*  
Symptom Complex♫
Syndrome♫
Syntropic Clusters*  
Syntropy♫
Syntropy pool. See Syntropic Clusters
System♫
System Input♫
System Output♫
Systemic Binary Classification of Diseases*  
Systemic Medicine*  
Systemic Metamorphosis♫   
Systemic Model of Human*
Systemic Prophylaxis Principle♫
Systemic Treatment Principle*   
Systemopathy*   
Tektomedicine*. See Future Metamedicine
Temporal Metric♫
Thanatodynamics*  
Therapy of Consciousness*  
Treatment♫
True♫
Uncertainty♫
Valeology♫
Verification♫
Violence♫
Viy Phenomen*
Water in the Fourth Aggregate States. See Hydrate Water   
Water in the Fourth Phase State. See Hydrate Water
 
 
 
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56. Pozhitkov Alexander E., Neme Rafik, Domazet-Lozo Tomislav, Leroux Brian, Soni Shivani, Tautz Diethard, Noble Peter Antony. Thanatotranscriptome Genes Actively Axpressed After Organismal Death. – bioRxiv (The preprint server for biology). June 11, 2016. http://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/06/11/058305
57. Revo V. “Hierarchy of Systemic Mechanisms of Reliability”. In: NATO-Russia ARW “Forecasting and Preventing Catastrophes”. University of Aberdeen 2-6 June 2003. Report.
58. Selye Hans. From Dream to Discovery. On being a Scientist. McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York Toronto London, 1964. P. 52.
59. Schrödinger Erwin. What is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell. 1955. Cambridge University Press. P. 72.
60. Shannon Claude E. and Weaver Warren. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press. Urbana and Chicago. 1963. P. 53, 59.
61. Wasinger V. C. / V. C. Wasinger [et al.]. Progress with Gene-product Mapping of the Mollicutes: Mycoplasma genitalium.  ELECTROPHORESIS. Vol. 16, Issue 1, 1995. P. 1090-1094.
62. https://www.britannica.com/science/diseaseDisease
63. http://www.who.int/kobe_centre/ageing/ahp_vol5_glossary.pdf
64. www.who.int/about/mission/ru/
 
 
 
THE PERSONS MENTIONED IN THE FIRST PART OF THE BOOK PROLEGOMENA TO FURURE METAMEDICINE 
Alzheimer Alois (1864-1915), German psychiatrist.
Aristotle (in Ancient Greek Αριστοτέλης, – is read as Aristotélis, 384-322 BC), Ancient Greek thinker, philosopher, naturalist.
Asimov Isaak (1920-1992), American science fiction writer, biochemist, popularizer of science.
Bacon, Francis, 1st Vicount St Albans (1561-1626), British thinker, philosopher, historian, politician.
Bedareva E. V. (in Rus. Бедарёва Е. В.), Russian doctor.
Behring, Emil Adolf von (1854-1917), German immunologist.
Bely Ilya Anatolyevich (in Rus. Белый И. А., born 1967), Russian doctor.
Benacerraf Baruj (1920-2011), American immunologist, microbiologist, immunogenetic.
Bentham Jeremy (1748-1832), British philosopher, economist, legal theorist, sociologist, lawyer.
Berdyaev Nikolai Alexandrovich (in Rus. Бердяев Н. А., 1874-1948), Russian (from 1924 in France) philosopher, publicist.
Bernard Claude (1813-1878), French physician, physiologist, endocrinologist.
Bogdanov Alexander Alexandrovich (real surname Malinovsky, in Rus. Богданов А. А. (1873-1928), Russian doctor (diploma with specialization in psychiatry and medical psychology), hematologist, gerontologist, economist, philosopher, thinker, educator, system analyst.
Bohr Niels Henrik David (1885-1962), Danish physicist.
Bordet Jules Jean-Baptiste Vincent (1870-1961), Belgian immunologist, bacteriologist.
Botkin Sergey Petrovich (in Rus. Боткин С. П., 1832-1889), Russian general practitioner, public figure.
Bunin Ivan Alekseevich (in Rus. Бунин И. А., 1870-1953), Russian (from 1920 in France) writer, poet.
Burnet Frank Macfarlane (1899-1985), Australian virologist, immunologist.
Byshevsky Anatoly Shulimovich (in Rus. Бышевский А. С., 1929-2013), Soviet, Russian biochemist.
Cannon Walter Bradford (1871-1945), American physiologist, psychophysiologist.
Carnot Nicolas Léonard Sadi (1837-1894), French physicist, military engineer.
Ceck Thomas Robert (born 1947), American biochemist, molecular biologist.
Chizhevsky Alexander Leonidovich (in Rus. Чижевский А. Л., 1897-1964), Russian biophysicist.
Clausius Rudolf Julius Emanuel (1822-1888), German theoretical physicist.  
Dausset Jean Baptiste Gabriel Joachim (1916-2009), French immunologist.
Davenport F. M. – American geneticist.
Davydovsky Ippolit Vasilyevich (in Rus. Давыдовский И. В., 1887-1968), Russian pathologist, thinker, teacher.
Decartes René (1596-1650), French philosopher, mathematician, physicist and physiologist.  
Doherty Peter Charles (born 1940), Australian pathologist, immunologist.
Dollo Louis Antonie Marie Joseph (1857-1931), French (since 1878 Belgian) paleontologist.  
Druzhinin Valentin Vasilyevich (in Rus. Дружинин В. В., 1918-1997), Russian systems engineer.
Edelman Gerald Maurice (1929-2014), American immunologist, neurophysiologist.
Ehrlich Paul (1854-1915), German physician, biochemist, hematologist.
Einstein Albert (1879-1955), German theoretical physicist (since 1933 in the USA).  
Emmeche Claus (born 1956), Danish theoretical biologist, philosopher, biosemiotic.
Epicurus (in Ancient Greek Επίκουρος, – is read as Epíkouros, 341-342 – 271-270 BC), Ancient Greek philosopher.
Fechner, Gustav Theodor von (1801-1887), German physicist, psychologist, philosopher.
Ferrans Carol Estwing – American doctor, health care organizer.
Fisher Ronald Aylmer Sir (1890-1962), English statistician, evolutionary biologist, geneticist. 
Franklin Benjamin (1706-1790), American politician, diplomat, inventor, writer, journalist, publisher.
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832), German writer, thinker, systematic naturalist.  
Gödel Kurt Friedrich (1906-1978), Austrian (from 1940 in the USA)
logician and mathematician. 
Gogol Nikolai Vasilevich (at birth Yanovsky) (in Rus. Гоголь Н. В., 1809-1852), Russian writer, playwright, publicist.
Grechishko V. S. – Russian biophysicist.
Gurkan Guntas (born 1977), American biochemist, proteomic.
Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich Philipp August von (1834-1919), German doctor (by education, not practiced), biologist, philosopher, watercolor painter, landscape painter. 
Hartley David (1705-1757), British philosopher, psychologist, statesman.
Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831), German philosopher.
Heisenberg Werner Karl (1901-1976), German theoretical physicist.
Hesper Ben – Dutch biologist.
Herzen Alexander Ivanovich (in Rus. Герцен А. И., 1812-1870), Russian (from 1847 in England, from 1865 – various cities of Europe) writer, publicist, philosopher.
Hippocrates (in Ancient Greek Ιπποκράτης, – is read as Ippokrátis, abt 460 BC - abt 370 BC), Ancient Greek doctor, naturalist, philosopher, teacher.
Hoffmeyer Jasper – Danish molecular biologist, biosemiotic.
Hogeweg Paulien (born 1943), Dutch theoretical biologist.
Huntington George (1850-1916), American doctor.
Jerne Niels Kaj (1911-1994), Danish immunologist.
Johannsen Wilhelm Ludvig (1857-1927), Danish biologist, geneticist.
Kant, Immanuel von (1724-1804), German philosopher.  
Kapitsa Peter Leonidovich (in Rus. Капица П. Л., 1894-1984), Russian physicist.
Kipling Joseph Rudyard (1865-1936), British writer, poet, journalist.
Koch Heinrich Hermann Robert (1843-1910), German physician, bacteriologist.
Kolmogorov Andrey Nikolaevich (nee Kataev, in Rus.
Колмогоров А. Н., 1903-1987), Russian mathematician.
Kontorov David Solomonovich (in Rus. Конторов Д. С., 1920-2001), Russian physicist, interdisciplinary systems analyst.
Köhler Georges Jean Franz (1946-1995), German biologist, immunologist.
Kruger Kelly – American biochemist.
Kuhn Thomas Samuel (1922-1996), American physicist, historian, philosopher.
Laplace, Pierre-Simon marquis de (1749-1827), French mathematician, astronomer, physicist, mechanic.
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von (1646-1716), German philosopher, mathematician, physicist, linguist, inventor, theologian.
Linney, K. von (Swed. Linné, Carl von, 1707-1778), (Linnaeus), Swedish doctor, naturalist, systematist.  
Locke John (1632-1704), British philosopher, psychologist, educator, politician.
Makshakova O. N. (in Rus. Макшакова О. Н.), Russian biophysicist.
Mascarenhas de Oliveira, Sergio (born 1928), Brazilian physicist. 
Maslow Abraham Harold (1908-1970), American psychologist.
Maxwell James Clerk (1831-1879), British (Scottish physicist), mathematician, electrodynamic, mechanic.
Mayer, Julius Robert von (1814-1878), German physician, physicist.
McKenna Stephen. British doctor, health care organizer, medical expert.
Medawar, Peter Brian, Sir (1915-1987), British biologist.
Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich (in Rus. Мечников И. И., 1845-1916), Russian (from 1888 in France) biologist, pathologist.
Midgley Claire M. – British virologist, immunologist.
Milstein Cesar (1927-2002), Argentine (British since 1963) biochemist, immunologist.
Nakasako Masayoshi – Japanese biophysicist.
Nernst Walter Hermann (1864-1941), German physicist, chemist.
Nietzsche Friedrich Wilhelm (1844-1900), German philosopher, philologist.
Oppenheimer Julius Robert (1904-1967), American theoretical physicist.
Ostermeier Marc A. – American biochemist.
Paracelsus (Latin Paracelsus, present name Hohenheim, Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von, 1493-1541), Swiss physician, naturalist, astrologer, alchemist.
Parkinson James (1755-1824), English surgeon, chemist, geologist, paleontologist.
Pasteur Louis (1822-1895), French microbiologist, chemist, immunologist.
Planck Max Karl Ernst Ludwig (1858-1947), German theoretical physicist.
Poincaré Jules Henri (1854-1912), French mathematician, physicist, philosopher.
Pollack Gerald Harvey (born 1940), American biotechnologist, biophysicist.
Postnov S. E. (in Rus. Постнов С. Е.), Russian hydrodynamics.
Powers Marjorie J. – American Health Care Organizer.
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606-1669), Dutch artist, thinker.
Ribot Theodule-Armand (1839-1916), French philosopher, psychologist, teacher.
Richet Charles Robert (1850-1935), French immunologist, physiologist.
Rousseau Jean-Jacques (1712-1778), French thinker, philosopher, psychologist.
Savery Thomas (1650-1715), British mechanic, inventor.
Selye H. H. B. (Hung. Selye János (Hans) Hugo Bruno, 1907-1982), Austrian of Hungarian origin (from 1932 in Canada), doctor, endocrinologist, pathologist.  
Shannon Claude Elwood (1916-2001), American mathematician, cybernetic, cryptanalyst, “father of information theory”.
Sharafutdinov Zarif Zakievich (In Rus. Шарафутдинов З. З., born 1959), Russian materials scientist, builder, chemist.
Shnoll Simon El'evich (in Rus. Шноль С. Э., 1930-2014), Russian biophysicist.
Schrödinger Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander (1887-1961), Austrian theoretical physicist.
Skupchenko Vitaliy Viktorovich (in Rus. Скупченко В. В., 1939-1994), Russian neuropathologist, neurosurgeon, neurophysiologist.
Snell George Davis (1903-1996), American geneticist, immunologist.
Stearn W. Th. (1911-2001), British botanist.
Supotnitsky Mikhail Vasilyevich (in Rus. Супотницкий М. В., born 1956), Russian doctor, microbiologist.
Szilard Leo (1898-1964), American physicist, biophysicist, inventor of Hungarian origin.
Tersenov Odissey Arkhipovich (in Rus. Терсенов О. А., born 1953), Russian biochemist.
Timofeev-Resovskiy Nikolay Vladimirovich (in Rus. Тимофеев-Ресовский Н. В., 1900-1981), Russian (1925-1945 in Germany, 1945-1951 – GULAG) naturalist, geneticist.
Thomson William (1st Baron Kelvin, 1824-1907), English physicist.
Tonegawa Susumu (born 1939), Japanese molecular biologist, geneticist.
Turing Alan Mathison (1912-1954), British mathematician, systems technician, logician.
Valabrega Jean-Paul (1923-2011), French psychoanalyst.
Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich (in Rus. Вернадский В. И., 1863-1945), Russian naturalist, thinker, public figure.
Weber Ernst Heinrich (1795-1878), German psychophysiologist, anatomist.
Werner Otto (1879-1936), German ophthalmologist.
Wilkins Marc R. – Australian geneticist, bioinformatics, proteomics.
Yalow Rosalyn Sussman (1921-2011), American biophysicist.
Young Michael Dunlop, Baron Young of Dartington (1915-2002), British lawyer, sociologist.
Zinkernagel Rolf Martin (born 1944), Swiss-Australian oncologist, immunologist.
Zheng J. M. – American Biophysicist.
 
 
 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 
The author thanks Dr. I. Belyi for help in editing text materials and decorating drawings of this book, as well as M. Supotnitsky, Ph.D. of Biological Science per editing of some articles: Antibody-dependent infection, Bacilli-carrying and Mimicry antigenic. The author thanks the Google Translator service for the help of his resources in translating the materials of both parts of the book into English.

FOOTNOTES: 
The author has declared that no competing interests exist.
The author received no something funding for this book.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR 
Valeriy Revo (born 1940) – MD, PhD, (Dr Med, 1980), Professor. For 25 years he worked as a surgeon in leading clinics in Moscow (Russia) as an oncologist and reconstructive surgeon in the head and neck area. In subsequent years, he developed a theory of systemic development of the basic mechanisms of life on the planet. He showed that the program of each disease reflects its phylogenetic origin. This allowed him to propose technological principles for managing these natural processes. The research results of the author reflect 160 published scientific works, including 14 inventions, patents and about 30 monographs.
Currently retired. Lives in Toronto, Canada.
Contact information: [email protected]
 
 


[1] Von Gorthe. Aus Meinem Leben. Dichtung und Wahrheit. Tübingen: Cotta 1811.

[2] Goethes Werke. WA. IV. Bd. 35. S. 12.

[3] Hegel G. Phenomenology, 1807; A General Introduction to the Philosophy of History, 1831.

[4] Скупченко В. В., Бедарёва Е. В. Нейродинамическое регулирование и влияние Луны на формирование биоритмов в организме. 1991. In Rus. (Skupchenko V. V., Bedareva E. V. Neurodynamic regulation and the influence of the moon on the formation of biorhythms in the body.). From: psyberia.ru/work/physio
 

[5] G. Hegel. Phenomenology, 1807; A General Introduction to the Philosophy of History, 1831.

[6] Goethes Werke. WA. II. Bd. 11. S. 70-71. 

[7] This circumstance necessitated the reproduction of this etching on the cover of my book “Encyclopedia of System Knowledge” (2006).

[8] A. Turing. The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis. Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 237, No. 641. (Aug. 14, 1952), pp. 37-72. 
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